Ramayana — Yuddha Kanda, Sarga 60, Shloka 5

कुम्भकर्णविबोधनम्

The Awakening of Kumbhakarna

Devanagari script

सर्वंतत्खलुमेमोघंयत्तप्तंपरमंतपः ।यत्समानोमहेन्द्रेणमानुषेणास्मिर्जितः ।।।।

Transliteration

sarvaṃ tat khalu me moghaṃ yat taptaṃ paramaṃ tapaḥ |

yat samāno mahendreṇa mānuṣeṇāsmi jitaḥ ||

Translation

Quả thật, mọi khổ hạnh tối thượng ta đã tu tập nay đều hóa uổng công—vì ta, kẻ tự cho mình ngang với Mahendra, lại bị một phàm nhân đánh bại.

Word by Word

• sarvam: all
• sarvam: Karta (कर्ता/subject complement)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sarva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विशेषणम् (of tat)

• tat: that
• tat: Karta (कर्ता/subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; सर्वनाम

• khalu: indeed
• khalu: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/discourse particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: khalu (अव्यय)
• Form: निश्चयार्थक-अव्यय (indeed/surely)

• me: my
• me: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/possessor)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी एकवचन (genitive: my) / दत्तिव-सम्बन्धे (possessive)

• mogham: futile
• mogham: Pradhāna-viśeṣaṇa (विधेय/ predicate)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: mogha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विधेय-विशेषणम् (predicate adjective)

• yat: which
• yat: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/relative marker)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; सम्बन्धक-सर्वनाम (relative)

• taptam: performed
• taptam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/of tapaḥ)
• Type: Verb
• Root: tap (धातु)
• Form: क्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (past passive participle), नपुंसकलिङ्ग प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘performed/undertaken’

• paramam: supreme
• paramam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/of tapaḥ)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: parama (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; विशेषणम्

• tapaḥ: austerity; penance
• tapaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/subject of implied ‘is’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tapas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन

• yat: that (in that)
• yat: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/relative marker)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, यत्-सम्बन्धक (relative)

• samānaḥ: equal
• samānaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/subject complement)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: samāna (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विशेषणम् (agreeing with aham implied)

• mahendreṇa: with Mahendra (Indra)
• mahendreṇa: Karaṇa (करण/instrument-like: ‘as compared with’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: mahendra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया एकवचन; तुल्ययोगे करणवत् (standard of comparison)

• mānuṣeṇa: by a human
• mānuṣeṇa: Karta (कर्ता/agent in passive construction)
• Type: Noun
• Root: mānuṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया एकवचन; कर्तृ-निर्देशे (agent in passive)

• asmi: am
• asmi: Kriyā (क्रिया/auxiliary)
• Type: Verb
• Root: as (धातु)
• Form: लट् (present), परस्मैपद, उत्तमपुरुष, एकवचन

• jitaḥ: defeated
• jitaḥ: Pradhāna-viśeṣaṇa (विधेय/predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: ji (धातु)
• Form: क्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (past passive participle), पुंलिङ्ग प्रथमा एकवचन; कर्मणि (passive sense)

Context

" All the penance which I have done, and the asceticism practised by me equal to Mahendra has become purposeless and defeated."

Characters & Entities

• Rāvaṇa
• Mahendra (Indra)
• Rāma (implied as the 'human')

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

It warns against pride born of power and austerity: tapas without humility and righteousness does not secure true victory; dharma, embodied by Rāma, prevails.

What is the narrative situation?

A defeated or shaken Rāvaṇa reflects that his austerities feel wasted because he has been overcome by a human opponent.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

On the dharmic side, Rāma’s steadfastness is implied; on Rāvaṇa’s side, the vice of arrogance (mada) is exposed through lament.