Shloka 22

Adhyaya 45 — Jaimini’s Cosmological Questions and the Opening of Markandeya’s Account of Primary Creation

Sanskrit

धर्मज्ञानञ्च वैराग्यमैश्वर्यञ्च महात्मनः ।

तस्योपदेशेन विना न हि सिद्धं चतुष्टयम् ॥

Transliteration

dharmajñānañ ca vairāgyam aiśvaryañ ca mahātmanaḥ | tasyopadeśena vinā na hi siddhaṃ catuṣṭayam ||

Translation

Dharma, tri kiến tâm linh, sự ly tham, và quyền năng chân chính của bậc chủ tể—nếu không có lời chỉ dạy của Đại Ngã ấy, thì bốn sự thành tựu này không thể viên mãn.

Word by Word

• धर्मज्ञानम्: knowledge of dharma
• धर्मज्ञानम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject in nominal clause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धर्म-ज्ञान (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन; (collective item in a list)

• च: and
• च: Samuccaya (समुच्चय/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• वैराग्यम्: dispassion
• वैराग्यम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject in nominal clause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वैराग्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• ऐश्वर्यम्: lordship, power
• ऐश्वर्यम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject in nominal clause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऐश्वर्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Samuccaya (समुच्चय/Connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• महात्मनः: of the great-souled one
• महात्मनः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: महात्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी-विभक्ति (Genitive/6th), एकवचन

• तस्य: of him
• तस्य: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी-विभक्ति (Genitive/6th), एकवचन

• उपदेशेन: by instruction, through teaching
• उपदेशेन: Karana (करण/Means)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उपदेश (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति (Instrumental/3rd), एकवचन

• विना: without
• विना: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Prepositional relation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: विना (अव्यय)
• Form: वियोगार्थक-अव्यय/उपपद (indeclinable preposition governing तृतीया/पञ्चमी; here with तृतीया)

• न: not
• न: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध/Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न (अव्यय)
• Form: निषेध-अव्यय (negation particle)

• हि: indeed
• हि: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Discourse particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: हि (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात (emphatic particle)

• सिद्धम्: accomplished, attained
• सिद्धम्: Kriya (क्रिया/Predicative complement)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सिद्ध (प्रातिपदिक; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त from √सिध्)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; predicate adjective of चतुष्टयम्

• चतुष्टयम्: the set of four (fourfold group)
• चतुष्टयम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject in nominal clause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: चतुष्टय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

Speakers

• Mārkaṇḍeya

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "bhakti", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Guru-upadeśa (necessity of instruction)
• Fourfold virtues/attainments
• Dharma and liberation-oriented ethics

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The verse asserts that virtues and powers do not mature autonomously; they require guidance from a realized source. It discourages self-authorized spirituality and emphasizes disciplined learning under competent instruction.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Ethico-soteriological aside rather than pañcalakṣaṇa; it explains the human means of benefiting from pañcalakṣaṇa narratives—through proper teaching and assimilation.

What is the esoteric significance?

The ‘four’ can be read as harmonizing outer order (dharma), inner illumination (jñāna), release from grasping (vairāgya), and effective agency (aiśvarya). Without right transmission, these remain fragmented or counterfeit.