Shloka 13

Adhyaya 20 — Ritadhvaja’s Companionship with the Naga Princes and the Origin of the Horse Kuvalaya

Sanskrit

स च ताभ्यां नृपसुतः परं निर्वाणमाप्तवान् ।

विनोदैर्विविधैर्हास्य-सम्लापादिभिरेव च ॥

Transliteration

sa ca tābhyāṃ nṛpasutaḥ paraṃ nirvāṇam āptavān |

vinodair vividhair hāsya-saṃlāpādibhir eva ca ||

Translation

Và vị vương tử ấy, nhờ họ, đã đạt được sự an lạc tối thượng, như thể giải thoát, qua nhiều cuộc tiêu khiển—tiếng cười, lời chuyện trò đùa vui và những điều tương tự.

Word by Word

• सः: he
• सः: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), एकवचन; सर्वनाम (pronoun)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• ताभ्याम्: by/with those two (women)
• ताभ्याम्: Karana (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), द्विवचन; सर्वनाम

• नृपसुतः: the king’s son
• नृपसुतः: Karta (कर्ता/Subject; apposition to सः)
• Type: Noun
• Root: नृप + सुत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (genitive tatpuruṣa) ‘नृपस्य सुतः’

• परम्: supreme
• परम्: Karma (कर्म/Object; qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: पर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; विशेषण (qualifier)

• निर्वाणम्: nirvāṇa, liberation
• निर्वाणम्: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: निर्वाण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन

• आप्तवान्: attained
• आप्तवान्: Kriya (क्रिया/Verbal predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: आप् (धातु) + क्तवतुँ (कृदन्त-प्रत्यय)
• Form: क्तवत्-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (past active participle); पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; परस्मैपदी-भावार्थः ‘प्राप्तवान्’

• विनोदैः: with amusements
• विनोदैः: Karana (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: विनोद (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), बहुवचन

• विविधैः: various
• विविधैः: Karana (करण/Instrument; qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: विविध (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया, बहुवचन; विशेषण (qualifying विनोदैः)

• हास्य-सम्लाप-आदिभिः: by laughter, talk, and the like
• हास्य-सम्लाप-आदिभिः: Karana (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हास्य + सम्लाप + आदि (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), बहुवचन; समाहार-द्वन्द्व/समुच्चयार्थः ‘हास्यं च सम्लापः च आदयः’ (laughter, conversation, etc.)

• एव: indeed, just
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/emphasis)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: निश्चय/अवधारण-अव्यय (emphatic particle)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

Speakers

• Narrative voice (contextual storyteller within Markandeya Purana frame; exact speaker not specified in input)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "hasya", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Psychology of attachment
• Friendship/companionship (saṅga)
• Relief from suffering through wholesome association

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The verse highlights how saṅga (association) powerfully shapes the mind: wholesome companionship can calm agitation and produce a state described hyperbolically as ‘supreme nirvāṇa’—not necessarily mokṣa here, but profound mental ease.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Primarily Ākhyāna/Upākhyāna (narrative exemplum) used to teach dharma and mind-discipline; it is not directly sarga/pratisarga/manvantara/vaṃśa/vaṃśānucarita in this local unit.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Nirvāṇa’ is used as an inner-state marker: when prāṇa and manas are soothed by sattvic interaction (laughter without malice, truthful friendly speech), the mind tastes a reflection of liberation—cessation of inner burning (tāpa).