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Shloka 31

Vyavahāra-Śuddhi and Rājadharma: Clean Administration, Counsel, and Proportional Punishment

Chapter 86

कुलीन: सच्त्वसम्पन्न: शुक्लो<मात्य: प्रशस्यते । एतैरेव गुणैर्युक्तस्तथा सेनापतिर्भवेत्‌,सन्धि-विग्रहके अवसरको जाननेवाला, धर्मशास्त्रका तत्त्वज्ञ, बुद्धिमान, धीर, लज्जावान रहस्यको गुप्त रखनेवाला, कुलीन, साहसी तथा शुद्ध हृदयवाला मन्त्री ही उत्तम माना जाता है। सेनापति भी इन्हीं गुणोंसे युक्त होना चाहिये

Bhīṣma uvāca: kulīnaḥ sattva-sampannaḥ śuklo 'mātyaḥ praśasyate | etair eva guṇair yuktaḥ tathā senāpatir bhavet | sandhi-vigrahake 'vasarako jānanevālaḥ, dharmaśāstrasya tattvajñaḥ, buddhimān, dhīraḥ, lajjāvān, rahasyaṃ gupta-rakṣakaḥ, kulīnaḥ, sāhasī tathā śuddha-hṛdayavān mantrī hī uttamaḥ manyate | senāpatir api ebhir eva guṇaiḥ yuktaḥ syāt |

Bhīṣma nói: “Một vị đại thần được ca ngợi khi xuất thân cao quý, có nội lực và đức hạnh, và thanh khiết trong hạnh kiểm. Với chính những phẩm chất ấy, cũng nên bổ nhiệm vị thống soái quân đội. Người ấy phải hiểu đúng lúc nào nên hòa, lúc nào nên chiến; nắm được cốt tủy của các pháp điển về dharma; thông tuệ và vững vàng; khiêm cung, biết hổ thẹn; giữ kín mưu nghị; dòng dõi cao sang, dũng cảm và lòng dạ trong sạch. Đại thần như vậy được xem là bậc tối thượng—và tướng quân cũng phải được rèn nên bởi cùng một đức hạnh.”

[{'term''kulīnaḥ', 'definition': 'of noble family
[{'term':
socially reputable'}, {'term''sattva-sampannaḥ', 'definition': 'endowed with sattva (inner strength, moral clarity, steadiness)
socially reputable'}, {'term':
virtuous in temperament'}, {'term''śuklaḥ', 'definition': 'pure
virtuous in temperament'}, {'term':
untainted in conduct and intention'}, {'term''amātyaḥ', 'definition': 'minister
untainted in conduct and intention'}, {'term':
royal counsellor'}, {'term''praśasyate', 'definition': 'is praised
royal counsellor'}, {'term':
is commended'}, {'term''guṇa', 'definition': 'quality
is commended'}, {'term':
merit'}, {'term''yuktaḥ', 'definition': 'endowed with
merit'}, {'term':
properly joined with'}, {'term''senāpatiḥ', 'definition': 'commander of the army
properly joined with'}, {'term':
general'}, {'term''sandhi', 'definition': 'peace
general'}, {'term':
reconciliation'}, {'term''vigraha', 'definition': 'hostility
reconciliation'}, {'term':
war'}, {'term''dharmaśāstra', 'definition': 'treatises on dharma (law, ethics, duty, right conduct)'}, {'term': 'tattvajñaḥ', 'definition': 'knower of the essence/principle
war'}, {'term':
one who understands fundamentals'}, {'term''buddhimān', 'definition': 'intelligent
one who understands fundamentals'}, {'term':
prudent'}, {'term''dhīraḥ', 'definition': 'steady
prudent'}, {'term':
composed under pressure'}, {'term''lajjāvān', 'definition': 'modest
composed under pressure'}, {'term':
ethically self-regulating'}, {'term''rahasya', 'definition': 'secret
ethically self-regulating'}, {'term':
confidential counsel'}, {'term''gupta-rakṣakaḥ', 'definition': 'one who keeps (it) protected/hidden
confidential counsel'}, {'term':
trustworthy keeper of secrets'}, {'term''sāhasī', 'definition': 'bold
trustworthy keeper of secrets'}, {'term':
capable of decisive action'}, {'term''śuddha-hṛdayavān', 'definition': 'pure-hearted
capable of decisive action'}, {'term':

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
A
amātya (minister)
S
senāpati (army commander)
S
sandhi (peace/treaty)
V
vigraha (conflict/war)
D
dharmaśāstra

Educational Q&A

Bhishma teaches that political and military authority must be grounded in character: the best minister—and likewise the army commander—should be noble in conduct, morally steady, pure, intelligent, discreet, and capable of judging when to pursue peace (sandhi) and when conflict (vigraha) is necessary.

In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on rājadharma, Bhishma advises the king about selecting key officers of state. Here he lists the virtues required for a minister and states that the commander of the army should possess the same set of qualities.