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Shloka 31

Varṇa-dharma and Rājadharma: Yudhiṣṭhira’s Inquiry and Bhīṣma’s Normative Outline (वर्णधर्म-राजधर्म-प्रश्नोत्तरम्)

मोक्षस्यास्ति त्रिवर्गोडन्य: प्रोक्त: सत्त्वं रजस्तम: । स्थान वृद्धि: क्षयश्वैव त्रिवर्गश्वैव दण्डज:

bhīṣma uvāca | mokṣasyāsti trivargo 'nyaḥ proktaḥ sattvaṁ rajas tamaḥ | sthānaṁ vṛddhiḥ kṣayaś caiva trivargaś caiva daṇḍajaḥ ||

Bhīṣma nói: “Ngoài giải thoát, còn có một bộ ba khác được dạy: sattva, rajas và tamas. Lại có một bộ ba phát sinh từ hình phạt (kỷ cương của vương quyền): sự ổn định của trật tự, sự tăng trưởng của người chính trực, và sự suy tàn của kẻ ác.”

मोक्षस्यof liberation
मोक्षस्य:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootमोक्ष
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
अस्तिis/exists
अस्ति:
TypeVerb
Rootअस्
FormPresent, Third, Singular
त्रिवर्गःthe triad/threefold group
त्रिवर्गः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootत्रिवर्ग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अन्यःanother, different
अन्यः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootअन्य
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
प्रोक्तःdeclared/said
प्रोक्तः:
TypeVerb
Rootप्र-वच्
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Nominative, Singular
सत्त्वम्sattva (purity/clarity)
सत्त्वम्:
TypeNoun
Rootसत्त्व
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
रजःrajas (activity/passion)
रजः:
TypeNoun
Rootरजस्
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
तमःtamas (darkness/inertia)
तमः:
TypeNoun
Rootतमस्
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
स्थानम्standing/position (stability)
स्थानम्:
TypeNoun
Rootस्थान
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
वृद्धिःincrease/growth
वृद्धिः:
TypeNoun
Rootवृद्धि
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
क्षयःdecay/destruction
क्षयः:
TypeNoun
Rootक्षय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
त्रिवर्गःthe triad/threefold group
त्रिवर्गः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootत्रिवर्ग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
दण्डजःborn of punishment/rod (i.e., arising from danda)
दण्डजः:
TypeAdjective
Rootदण्डज
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma

Educational Q&A

Bhishma distinguishes two kinds of ‘triads’: the psychological triad of the guṇas (sattva–rajas–tamas) and a practical triad produced by daṇḍa (state discipline)—maintaining stability, promoting the righteous, and reducing the wicked—showing how inner qualities and outer governance both shape dharma.

In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on dharma and rulership, Bhishma continues advising Yudhishthira, explaining conceptual frameworks: beyond moksha, one may analyze conduct through the guṇas, and one may also evaluate royal policy through the three effects of punishment—order, uplift of the good, and suppression of wrongdoing.