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Shloka 48

Adhyāya 302: Guṇa-vicāra, Gati-bheda, and the Imperishable State

Yājñavalkya–Janaka

निष्कैवल्येन पापेन तिर्यग्योनिमवाप्नुयात्‌ । पुण्यपापेन मानुष्यं पुण्येनेकेन देवता:,अत्यन्त केवल पापकर्मोंके फलस्वरूप जीव पशु-पक्षी आदि तिर्यग्योनिको प्राप्त होता है। पुण्य और पाप दोनोंके सम्मिश्रणसे मनुष्यलोक मिलता है तथा केवल पुण्यसे प्राणी देवयोनिको प्राप्त होता है

niṣkaivalyena pāpena tiryagyoniṃ avāpnuyāt | puṇyapāpena mānuṣyaṃ puṇyenaikena devatāḥ ||

Chỉ do nghiệp ác thuần túy, chúng sinh sa vào loài súc sinh. Do pha trộn giữa công đức và tội lỗi thì được thân người; còn chỉ do công đức thuần túy thì đạt địa vị chư thiên.

निष्कैवल्येनby exclusive (mere) evil
निष्कैवल्येन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootनिष्कैवल्य
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
पापेनby sin/evil
पापेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootपाप
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
तिर्यक्animal (non-human)
तिर्यक्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootतिर्यक्
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
योनिम्womb/birth-state
योनिम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootयोनि
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
अवाप्नुयात्would attain
अवाप्नुयात्:
Karma
TypeVerb
Root√आप् (अव-आप्)
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
पुण्यपापेनby (a mixture of) merit and sin
पुण्यपापेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootपुण्यपाप
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
मानुष्यम्human state/birth
मानुष्यम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमानुष्य
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
पुण्येनby merit
पुण्येन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootपुण्य
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
एकेनby alone/only
एकेन:
Karana
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
देवताःgods/divine beings
देवताः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदेवता
FormFeminine, Nominative, Plural

वसिष्ठ उवाच

वसिष्ठ (Vasiṣṭha)
तिर्यग्योनि (animal birth)
मानुष्यलोक/मानुष्य (human birth)
देवता (gods)

Educational Q&A

The verse teaches a karmic hierarchy of rebirth: purely sinful conduct results in animal birth, mixed merit and sin yields human birth, and purely meritorious conduct leads to divine birth. It emphasizes ethical responsibility by linking one’s moral choices to future states of existence.

In Śānti Parva’s instructional setting, the sage Vasiṣṭha is explaining principles of karma and rebirth. He summarizes how different moral compositions of action (sin-only, mixed, merit-only) correspond to different destinations (animal, human, divine).