Shloka 47

भीष्म उवाच ततो<5पश्यत्‌ स काम॑ च क्रोधं लोभं भयं मदम्‌ | निद्रां तन्द्रीं तथा55लस्यमावृत्य पुरुषान्‌ स्थितान्‌

bhīṣma uvāca tato 'paśyat sa kāmaṁ ca krodhaṁ lobhaṁ bhayaṁ madam | nidrāṁ tandrīṁ tathā ālasyaṁ āvṛtya puruṣān sthitān |

Bhīṣma nói: Rồi ông thấy dục vọng, sân hận, tham lam, sợ hãi và men say; lại thấy cả giấc ngủ, cơn lơ mơ và sự lười biếng—tất thảy phủ chụp lên con người khi họ đứng giữa đời, che mờ sự phân biệt và trói buộc họ vào những hành vi bất thiện.

भीष्मःBhishma
भीष्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभीष्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect, 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
ततःthen; thereafter
ततः:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
अपश्यत्saw
अपश्यत्:
TypeVerb
Rootदृश्
FormImperfect, 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
सःhe
सः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
कामम्desire
कामम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootकाम
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
क्रोधम्anger
क्रोधम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootक्रोध
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
लोभम्greed
लोभम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootलोभ
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
भयम्fear
भयम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootभय
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
मदम्pride; intoxication
मदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमद
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
निद्राम्sleep
निद्राम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootनिद्रा
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
तन्द्रीम्drowsiness; lethargy
तन्द्रीम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootतन्द्री
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
तथाlikewise; also
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
आलस्यम्sloth; laziness
आलस्यम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootआलस्य
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
आवृत्यhaving covered; enveloping
आवृत्य:
TypeVerb
Rootआ-वृ
Formक्त्वा (absolutive/gerund), Parasmaipada (usage)
पुरुषान्men; persons
पुरुषान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपुरुष
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
स्थितान्standing; remaining; situated
स्थितान्:
TypeAdjective
Rootस्था
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Accusative, Plural

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
K
kāma (desire)
K
krodha (anger)
L
lobha (greed)
B
bhaya (fear)
M
mada (intoxication/pride)
N
nidrā (sleep)
T
tandrī (drowsiness)
Ā
ālasya (sloth)
P
puruṣa (human beings)

Educational Q&A

The verse highlights how powerful inner forces—desire, anger, greed, fear, and intoxication/pride—along with dullness (sleep, drowsiness, sloth), veil human clarity. Ethically, it warns that unchecked mental afflictions ‘cover’ a person’s better judgment, making dharmic action difficult; therefore vigilance and self-discipline are implied remedies.

Bhīṣma describes a perception or observation: he ‘sees’ various passions and forms of inertia enveloping human beings. The scene is not a physical battle but a moral-psychological diagnosis, portraying these tendencies as pervasive forces that stand over and obscure people in ordinary life.