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Shloka 3

Keśava-tattva-kathana

On the Principle of Keśava: Cosmogony and Divine Epithets

भीष्म उवाच तथेत्येवं प्रतिश्रुत्य धर्म सम्पूज्य च प्रभो । यम॑ काल च मृत्युं च स्वर्ग सम्पूज्य चाहत:

bhīṣma uvāca | tathety evaṃ pratiśrutya dharmaṃ sampūjya ca prabho | yamaṃ kālaṃ ca mṛtyuṃ ca svargaṃ sampūjya cāhataḥ |

Bhīṣma nói: “Thưa vâng như vậy, vị Bà-la-môn liền kính lễ Dharma, rồi lại thờ phụng Yama, Thời gian, Tử thần và Thiên giới như những quyền năng thần thánh đáng tôn kính. Sau khi bày tỏ lòng cung kính—cúi đầu dưới chân các Bà-la-môn đã có mặt từ trước và những bậc Bà-la-môn ưu tú đến sau—ông làm đủ mọi lễ nghi thích đáng, rồi mới cất lời thưa với nhà vua.”

भीष्मःBhishma
भीष्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभीष्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect (Paroksha-bhuta), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
तथाso; thus
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
इतिthus (quotative)
इति:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति
एवम्in this manner
एवम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएवम्
प्रतिश्रुत्यhaving promised; having assented
प्रतिश्रुत्य:
TypeVerb
Rootप्रतिश्रु
FormAbsolutive (Gerund), Parasmaipada (usage)
धर्मम्Dharma (the deity / righteousness)
धर्मम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootधर्म
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
सम्पूज्यhaving duly worshipped
सम्पूज्य:
TypeVerb
Rootसम् + पूज्
FormAbsolutive (Gerund)
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
प्रभोO lord
प्रभो:
TypeNoun
Rootप्रभु
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
यमम्Yama
यमम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootयम
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
कालम्Time (Kala)
कालम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootकाल
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
मृत्युम्Death (Mrityu)
मृत्युम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमृत्यु
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
स्वर्गम्heaven (Svarga)
स्वर्गम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootस्वर्ग
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
सम्पूज्यhaving duly worshipped
सम्पूज्य:
TypeVerb
Rootसम् + पूज्
FormAbsolutive (Gerund)
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
आहतःstruck; afflicted (as read)
आहतः:
TypeVerb
Rootआ + हन्
FormPast Passive Participle, Masculine, Nominative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma (Bhīṣma)
D
Dharma (personified)
Y
Yama
K
Kāla (Time)
M
Mṛtyu (Death)
S
Svarga (Heaven)
B
Brahmin (brāhmaṇa)
K
King (rājā, implied by 'prabho')
B
Brahmins present/arriving (brāhmaṇāḥ, implied by the prose context)

Educational Q&A

The verse underscores reverence for Dharma and the cosmic regulators—Yama (moral recompense), Kāla (time), Mṛtyu (mortality), and Svarga (the fruit of merit). Ethically, it models humility and proper conduct: before speaking to power (the king), one honors the moral order and pays due respect to the learned.

Bhishma narrates that a Brahmin first agrees (“So be it”), then performs worship of Dharma and other personified cosmic powers, and respectfully honors the Brahmins present. Having completed these courtesies, he proceeds to address the king, setting a solemn and dharmic frame for what he is about to say.