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Shloka 4

Kuru Prosperity under Bhīṣma and the Succession of Pāṇḍu (कुरुराष्ट्रसमृद्धिः पाण्डुराज्यप्राप्तिश्च)

अप्राप्तवति तस्मिंस्तु यौवन पुरुषर्षभे । स राजा शान्तनुर्धीमान्‌ कालधर्ममुपेयिवान्‌,नरश्रेष्ठ विचित्रवीर्य अभी यौवनको प्राप्त भी नहीं हुए थे कि बुद्धिमान्‌ महाराज शान्तनुकी मृत्यु हो गयी

aprāptavati tasmiṃs tu yauvana-puruṣarṣabhe | sa rājā śāntanur dhīmān kāla-dharmam upeyivān, naraśreṣṭha ||

Vaiśampāyana nói: Khi vị “hùng ngưu giữa loài người” ấy còn chưa tới tuổi thanh xuân, vua Śāntanu, bậc minh triết, đã thuận theo luật của Thời gian mà qua đời. Vì thế, trước khi Vicitravīrya trưởng thành, vương quốc đã thiếu người che chở trên ngai; gánh nặng nối ngôi và bổn phận theo dharma rơi vào tay các bậc trưởng lão và những người giám hộ.

अप्राप्तवतिwhen (he) had not yet attained
अप्राप्तवति:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootअप्राप्तवत्
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
तस्मिन्in him / in that (time)
तस्मिन्:
Adhikarana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
तुbut / indeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
यौवनम्youth
यौवनम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootयौवन
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
पुरुषर्षभेin the bull among men (i.e., the best of men)
पुरुषर्षभे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootपुरुषर्षभ
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
सःhe
सः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
राजाking
राजा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootराजन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
शान्तनुःŚāntanu
शान्तनुः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootशान्तनु
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
धीमान्wise
धीमान्:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootधीमन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
कालधर्मम्the law/way of time (i.e., death)
कालधर्मम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootकालधर्म
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
उपेयिवान्having reached / met (i.e., died)
उपेयिवान्:
TypeVerb
Rootउप-इ (उप + इ)
FormPeriphrastic perfect (लिट्/परस्मैपद-भावः; perfect participial form), Singular, Masculine, Nominative

वैशम्पायन उवाच

V
Vaiśampāyana
Ś
Śāntanu
V
Vicitravīrya

Educational Q&A

Even the wisest and most powerful are subject to kāla-dharma—the inevitable order of Time. The verse underscores impermanence and the dharmic urgency of preparing for succession and responsibility before unforeseen loss occurs.

Vaiśampāyana states that before Vicitravīrya had reached youth, King Śāntanu died. This sets the stage for a succession crisis and the need for guardianship and political-dharmic decisions in the Kuru lineage.