Chanakya Niti — Right Conduct, Shloka 1
दातृत्वं प्रियवक्तृत्वं धीरत्वमुचितज्ञता ।
अभ्यासेन न लभ्यन्ते चत्वारः सहजा गुणाः ॥
dātṛtvaṃ priyavaktṛtvaṃ dhīratvam ucitajñatā |
abhyāsena na labhyante catvāraḥ sahajā guṇāḥ ||
Lòng hào phóng, lời nói dễ nghe, sự vững chí và biết điều phải—bốn đức ấy vốn là bẩm sinh, không phải cứ rèn luyện mà có được.
FAQs
Within the broader niti (ethical-political) literature associated with early and medieval South Asian courtly culture, the verse reflects a common aphoristic theme: certain personal capacities relevant to social and administrative life are portrayed as natural endowments. Such statements are typically read by historians as part of elite pedagogical discourse on character, reputation, and suitability for service rather than as empirical psychology.
The verse frames four traits—dātṛtva (generosity), priyavaktṛtva (pleasing speech), dhīratva (steadfast composure), and ucitajñatā (sense of propriety)—as sahaja (“born-with”) guṇas. It further characterizes them as not labhya (“obtainable”) through abhyāsa (“practice”), presenting an inherited-or-constitutive model of character formation in this passage.
The construction pairs abstract nouns in -tva (दातृत्व, प्रियवक्तृत्व, धीरत्व) with the compound-like ucitajñatā, producing a compact list typical of subhāṣita-style enumeration. The key interpretive hinge is sahaja (“co-born, innate”), a term used across Sanskrit literature to contrast inherent disposition with cultivated or learned capacities; the verse uses this contrast to emphasize limits of abhyāsa as a mechanism for acquiring certain guṇas.