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Shloka 57

Adhyāya 166: Kṛtaghna-doṣa (कृतघ्नदोषः) — the fault of ingratitude and the limits of expiation

वैश्यं हत्वा तु वर्षे द्वे ऋषभैकशतं च गा: । शूद्रं हत्वाब्दमेवेकमृषभं च शतं च गा:,यदि वैश्यकी हत्या कर दे तो दो वर्षोतक पूर्वोक्त नियमसे रहनेके बाद एक सौ बैल और एक सौ गौओंका दान करे, तथा शूद्रकी हत्या कर देनेपर हत्यारेको एक वर्षतक पूर्वोक्त नियमसे रहकर एक बैल और सौ गौओंका दान करना चाहिये

vaiśyaṃ hatvā tu varṣe dve ṛṣabhaikaśataṃ ca gāḥ | śūdraṃ hatvābdam evāikaṃ ṛṣabhaṃ ca śataṃ ca gāḥ ||

بھیشم نے کہا—اگر کسی نے ویشیہ کو قتل کیا ہو تو پہلے بیان کیے گئے ضبط کے مطابق دو برس رہے، پھر سو بیل اور سو گائیں دان کرے۔ اور اگر شُودر کو قتل کیا ہو تو اسی ضبط کے مطابق ایک برس رہے، پھر ایک بیل اور سو گائیں دان کرے۔

वैश्यम्a Vaishya (person of the Vaishya class)
वैश्यम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootवैश्य
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
हत्वाhaving killed
हत्वा:
TypeVerb
Rootहन्
Formक्त्वा (absolutive/gerund), Parasmaipada (usage)
तुbut/indeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
वर्षेin two years / for two years
वर्षे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवर्ष
FormNeuter, Locative, Dual
द्वेtwo
द्वे:
TypeAdjective
Rootद्वि
FormNeuter, Locative (agreeing with वर्षे), Dual
ऋषभैकशतम्a hundred bulls
ऋषभैकशतम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootऋषभ + एकशत
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
गाःcows
गाः:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootगो
FormFeminine, Accusative, Plural
शूद्रम्a Shudra
शूद्रम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootशूद्र
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
हत्वाhaving killed
हत्वा:
TypeVerb
Rootहन्
Formक्त्वा (absolutive/gerund), Parasmaipada (usage)
अब्दम्a year
अब्दम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootअब्द
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
एवonly/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
एकम्one
एकम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
ऋषभम्a bull
ऋषभम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootऋषभ
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
शतम्a hundred
शतम्:
TypeNoun
Rootशत
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
गाःcows
गाः:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootगो
FormFeminine, Accusative, Plural

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
V
Vaiśya
Ś
Śūdra
ṛṣabha (bull)
G
gāḥ (cows)

Educational Q&A

The verse teaches a graded system of prāyaścitta: wrongful killing requires a period of disciplined living (austerity/restraint) followed by prescribed gifts (especially cattle) to acknowledge the offense and seek moral restoration.

In the Śānti Parva, Bhīṣma instructs Yudhiṣṭhira on dharma and expiations. Here he specifies the duration of penance and the cattle-dāna to be performed after killing a Vaiśya or a Śūdra.