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Shloka 38

गोप्रदानगुणाः तथा कपिलागोविधानम्

Merits of Cow-Gift and the Origin-Account of Kapilā Cows

न त्वेवासां दानमात्र प्रशस्तं पात्र कालो गोविशेषो विधिकश्ष । कालज्ञानं विप्र गवान्तरं हि दुःखं ज्ञातुं पावकादित्यभूतम्‌

Pitāmaha uvāca: na tvevāsāṁ dānamātraṁ praśastaṁ pātraḥ kālo goviśeṣo vidhikaś ca | kālajñānaṁ vipra gavāntaraṁ hi duḥkhaṁ jñātuṁ pāvakādityabhūtam ||

پیتامہ نے کہا—صرف گایوں کا دان کر دینا ہی قابلِ ستائش نہیں۔ ایسے دان میں درست پاتر، مناسب وقت، عمدہ و مخصوص گائے، صحیح طریقہ اور کَال کا سچا امتیاز ضروری ہے۔ اے برہمن! گایوں کے باہمی درجات کو جاننا اور آگ و سورج کی مانند درخشاں پاتر کو پہچاننا بے حد دشوار ہے۔

not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
तुbut
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
एवindeed/only
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
आसाम्of these (cows)
आसाम्:
Sambandha
TypePronoun
Rootइदम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रयोगः)
FormFeminine, Genitive, Plural
दानgift/donation
दान:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदान
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
मात्रम्mere/only
मात्रम्:
Visheshana
TypeAdjective
Rootमात्र
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
प्रशस्तम्praiseworthy
प्रशस्तम्:
Predicate
TypeAdjective
Rootप्रशस्त (√शंस्)
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
पात्रम्worthy recipient
पात्रम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootपात्र
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
कालःproper time
कालः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootकाल
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
गोcow
गो:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootगो
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
विशेषःdistinction/special quality
विशेषः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविशेष
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
विधिःproper procedure/rite
विधिः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविधि
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
कालtime
काल:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootकाल
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
ज्ञानम्knowledge
ज्ञानम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootज्ञान
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
विप्रO brahmin
विप्र:
Sambodhana
TypeNoun
Rootविप्र
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
गवाम्of cows
गवाम्:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootगो
FormFeminine, Genitive, Plural
अन्तरम्difference/gradation
अन्तरम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअन्तर
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
हिindeed/for
हि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootहि
दुःखम्difficult
दुःखम्:
Predicate
TypeAdjective
Rootदुःख
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
ज्ञातुम्to know
ज्ञातुम्:
TypeVerb
Root√ज्ञा
FormInfinitive
पावकby/like fire
पावक:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootपावक
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
आदित्यby/like the sun
आदित्य:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootआदित्य
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
भूतम्become/being
भूतम्:
Visheshana
TypeAdjective
Rootभूत (√भू)
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular

पितामह उवाच

P
Pitāmaha (Bhīṣma)
V
vipra (brāhmaṇa recipient)
G
go (cow)
P
Pāvaka (Agni/fire)
Ā
Āditya (Sun)

Educational Q&A

Charity is not judged only by the act of giving; its ethical value depends on discernment—choosing a worthy recipient (pātra), an appropriate time (kāla), a gift of genuine quality (go-viśeṣa), and following proper procedure (vidhi).

Bhīṣma (Pitāmaha), instructing on dāna-dharma in the Anuśāsana Parva, explains to a brāhmaṇa interlocutor that go-dāna requires careful evaluation: both the relative excellence of cows and the spiritual stature of the recipient—likened to the brilliance of fire and the sun—are difficult to assess.