Shloka 18

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

भूवान्दिभ्यस्तिङो लः स्याल्लकारा दश वै स्मृताः / तिप्तसूझि प्रथमो मध्यः सिप्थस्थोत्तमपूरुषः

Transliteration

bhūvāndibhyastiṅo laḥ syāllakārā daśa vai smṛtāḥ / tiptasūjhi prathamo madhyaḥ sipthasthottamapūruṣaḥ

Translation

بھُو وغیرہ دھاتُؤں سے بننے والے تِنگنت صیغوں میں ‘ل’ کا نشان (اَنُبندھ) آتا ہے؛ اسی سے دس لَکار مانے گئے ہیں۔ ‘تِپ-تَس-جھِ’ پرَتھم، ‘سِپ-تھَس-تھَ’ مَدیَم، اور ‘مِ-وَس-مَس’ اُتّم پُرُش کے لاحقے ہیں۔

Word by Word

• भूवान्दिभ्यः: from (the pratyāhāra) bhūvān etc.
• भूवान्दिभ्यः: Apadana (Ablative/अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भू (धातु) + वान् (प्रत्यय/कृत्) + दि (प्रातिपदिक/प्रत्याहार)
• Form: व्याकरण-प्रत्याहारनिर्देशः; पञ्चमी (5th/पञ्चमी), बहुवचन; ‘भूवान्’ इत्यादि-प्रत्याहारात् (from the pratyāhāra beginning with bhūvān etc.)

• तिङः: of the tiṅ-endings
• तिङः: Sambandha (Genitive/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तिङ् (प्रातिपदिक/प्रत्याहार)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th/षष्ठी), एकवचन; तिङ्-प्रत्याहारस्य

• लः: the ‘l’ (marker for lakāras)
• लः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ल् (प्रत्याहार/प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; ‘ल्’ इति लकार-प्रत्याहारः

• स्यात्: may be/is to be
• स्यात्: Kriya (Verb/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative/विधिलिङ्), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd/प्रथम), एकवचन; परस्मैपदम्

• लकाराः: lakāras (tense/mood markers)
• लकाराः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लकार (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), बहुवचन

• दश: ten
• दश: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: दशन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: अव्ययवत् संख्याशब्दः; प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), बहुवचनार्थे (ten)

• वै: indeed
• वै: Sambandha (Emphasis/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: वै (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निश्चय/प्रसिद्ध्यर्थक निपात (emphatic particle)

• स्मृताः: are stated/remembered
• स्मृताः: Karta (Predicate adjective/कर्तृसमाना)
• Type: Verb
• Root: स्मृ (धातु)
• Form: क्त (past passive participle/कृत्), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), बहुवचन; ‘स्मृत’ = remembered/said

• तिप्: tip (3rd sg parasmaipada ending)
• तिप्: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तिप् (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: अव्ययवत् प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन (सूत्रार्थे प्रत्यय-निर्देश)

• तस्: tas (3rd du parasmaipada ending)
• तस्: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तस् (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन

• झि: jhi (3rd pl parasmaipada ending)
• झि: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: झि (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन

• प्रथमः: first
• प्रथमः: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: प्रथम (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; पुरुष-विशेषण

• मध्यः: middle
• मध्यः: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: मध्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; पुरुष-विशेषण

• सिप्: sip (2nd sg parasmaipada ending)
• सिप्: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सिप् (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन

• थस्: thas (2nd du parasmaipada ending)
• थस्: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: थस् (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन

• थ: tha (2nd pl parasmaipada ending)
• थ: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: थ (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन

• उत्तमपूरुषः: the first person (uttama-puruṣa)
• उत्तमपूरुषः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उत्तम (प्रातिपदिक) + पुरुष (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; समासः—उत्तमः पुरुषः इति कर्मधारय

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (in instruction to Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Tiṅ-endings are marked by ‘l’ and yield the ten lakāras; person/number sets are identified by tip-tas-jhi, sip-thas-tha, mi-vas-mas.

Vedantic Theme: Order (ṛta) mirrored in language: structured categories enable stable knowledge transmission.

Application: Use the listed tiṅ sets to identify puruṣa and correctly conjugate/parse verbs across lakāras in reading and composition.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.19 (parasmaipada/ātmanepada and imperative sets); Garuda Purana 1.205.20 (ādeśa and person interpretation)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of lakāras and tiṅ-endings in the Garuda Purana?

This verse frames a technical teaching: understanding lakāras (tense–mood markers) and tiṅ endings helps preserve correct recitation, interpretation, and transmission of Purāṇic instruction.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul in the Garuda Purana?

This specific verse is grammatical rather than eschatological; it supports accurate comprehension of the broader dialogue (including afterlife teachings) by clarifying verb-forms and person-endings used in instruction.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

Use it to read and chant Sanskrit more accurately—recognizing person-endings (tip/tas/jhi, sip/thas/tha, mi/vas/mas) improves meaning, reduces misinterpretation, and strengthens scriptural study discipline.