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Shloka 17

ययाति–शक्रसंवादः

Speech-Ethics and Forbearance in the Celestial Court

पृष्टं तु साक्ष्ये प्रवदन्तमन्य था वदन्ति मिथ्या पतितं नरेन्द्र । एकार्थतायां तु समाहितायां मिथ्या वदन्तं त्वनृतं हिनस्ति,महाराज! किसी निर्दोष प्राणीका प्राण बचानेके लिये गवाही देते समय किसीके पूछनेपर अन्यथा (असत्य) भाषण करनेवालेको यदि कोई पतित कहता है तो उसका कथन मिथ्या है। परंतु जहाँ अपने और दूसरे दोनोंके ही प्राण बचानेका प्रसंग उपस्थित हो, वहाँ केवल अपने प्राण बचानेके लिये मिथ्या बोलनेवालेका असत्यभाषण उसका नाश कर देता है

pṛṣṭaṃ tu sākṣye pravadantam anyathā vadanti mithyā patitaṃ narendra | ekārthatāyāṃ tu samāhitāyāṃ mithyā vadantaṃ tv anṛtaṃ hinasti ||

Sinabi ni Vaiśampāyana: “O hari, kung sa pagbibigay-saksi ay tinanong ang isang tao at nagsalita siya nang salungat sa katotohanan upang iligtas ang buhay ng isang walang-salang nilalang, at may tumawag sa kanya na ‘patita’ (nalugmok), ang paratang na iyon ang siyang hindi totoo. Ngunit kapag ang usapin ay sumikip sa iisang makasariling layon—kapag kapwa buhay ang nakataya at nagsisinungaling ang tao upang iligtas lamang ang sarili—ang kasinungalingang iyon, ang di-katotohanang iyon, ang nagiging sanhi ng kanyang kapahamakan.”

पृष्टम्asked (questioned)
पृष्टम्:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootपृच्छ्
FormNeuter, Nominative/Accusative, Singular, Past passive participle (क्त)
तुbut/indeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
साक्ष्येin testimony / while giving evidence
साक्ष्ये:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootसाक्ष्य
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
प्रवदन्तम्speaking / stating
प्रवदन्तम्:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootप्र + वद्
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular, Present active participle (शतृ)
अन्यथाotherwise; falsely
अन्यथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअन्यथा
वदन्तिthey say / call
वदन्ति:
TypeVerb
Rootवद्
FormPresent, Third, Plural, Parasmaipada
मिथ्याfalsely; wrongly
मिथ्या:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootमिथ्या
पतितम्fallen; sinful; outcaste
पतितम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootपतित
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
नरेन्द्रO king (lord of men)
नरेन्द्र:
TypeNoun
Rootनरेन्द्र
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
एकार्थतायाम्in the case of a single (self-serving) purpose
एकार्थतायाम्:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootएकार्थता
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
तुbut/however
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
समाहितायाम्when it is fixed/settled; when the situation is set
समाहितायाम्:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootसमाहित
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
मिथ्याfalsely
मिथ्या:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootमिथ्या
वदन्तम्one who speaks
वदन्तम्:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootवद्
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular, Present active participle (शतृ)
तुindeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
अनृतम्falsehood; untruth
अनृतम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootअनृत
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
हिनस्तिdestroys; harms
हिनस्ति:
TypeVerb
Rootहन्
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
महाराजO great king
महाराज:
TypeNoun
Rootमहाराज
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular

वैशम्पायन उवाच

V
Vaiśampāyana
N
Narendra (the king, i.e., Janamejaya as addressee)

Educational Q&A

Truthfulness is a central dharma, yet the text recognizes an ethical exception: speaking contrary to fact in testimony to save an innocent life is not to be condemned as ‘falling.’ However, lying from narrow self-interest—especially when choosing one’s own safety at the cost of another—becomes destructive and morally ruinous.

Vaiśampāyana instructs the king on the ethics of witness-bearing (sākṣya). He distinguishes between a compassionate, life-saving deviation from literal truth and a self-centered lie, warning that the latter ‘anṛta’ leads to the speaker’s downfall.