Shloka 62

The Glory of Bhārata-varṣa: Enumerating Mountains, Rivers, and Regions

Devanagari script

क्षत्रियोपनिवेशाश्च वैश्यशूद्र कुलानि च । शूराभीराश्च दरदाः काश्मीराः पशुभिः सह

Transliteration

kṣatriyopaniveśāśca vaiśyaśūdra kulāni ca | śūrābhīrāśca daradāḥ kāśmīrāḥ paśubhiḥ saha

Translation

ที่นั่นยังมีถิ่นฐานของกษัตริย์ (กษัตริยะ) และตระกูลของไวศยะกับศูทร; ทั้งชูระ อาภีระ ดรทะ และชาวกัศมีระ—พร้อมด้วยฝูงปศุสัตว์ของตน

Word by Word

• kṣatriya-upaniveśāḥ: kṣatriya settlements/colonies
• kṣatriya-upaniveśāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kṣatriya (प्रातिपदिक) + upaniveśa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: kṣatriyāṇām upaniveśāḥ (“settlements/colonies of kṣatriyas”)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Samuccaya-nipāta (समुच्चय-निपात) — conjunction “and”

• vaiśya-śūdra: vaiśyas and śūdras
• vaiśya-śūdra: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — compound qualifier to kulāni
• Type: Noun
• Root: vaiśya (प्रातिपदिक) + śūdra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग) (as member-compound), used as first member in next phrase; द्वन्द्वः: vaiśyāś ca śūdrāś ca (“vaiśyas and śūdras”)

• kulāni: families/clans
• kulāni: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kula (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napुंसकलिङ्ग (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Samuccaya-nipāta (समुच्चय-निपात) — conjunction “and”

• śūra-ābhīrāḥ: Śūras and Ābhīras
• śūra-ābhīrāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śūra (प्रातिपदिक) + ābhīra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural; द्वन्द्वः: śūrāś ca ābhīrāś ca

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Samuccaya-nipāta (समुच्चय-निपात) — conjunction “and”

• daradāḥ: Daradas (a people/tribe)
• daradāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: darada (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• kāśmīrāḥ: Kashmiris
• kāśmīrāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kāśmīra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• paśubhiḥ: with animals/cattle
• paśubhiḥ: Sahakāraka (सहकारक) — accompaniment
• Type: Noun
• Root: paśu (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Tṛtīyā (तृतीया) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Instrumental plural

• saha: together with
• saha: Sahakāraka (सहकारक) — accompaniment marker
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: saha (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya, sahārtha (सहार्थ) — “together with” (governs instrumental)

Speaker

Not explicitly stated in the provided excerpt (context needed from surrounding verses).

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: shanta

Geographic Context

Type: city

Sandhi Resolution Notes

Sandhi Resolution Notes: kṣatriya-upaniveśāḥ + ca → kṣatriyopaniveśāśca; vaiśya-śūdra (dvandva) used as qualifier to kulāni; śūra-ābhīrāḥ + ca → śūrābhīrāśca.

Characters & Entities

• Kṣatriya
• Vaiśya
• Śūdra
• Śūra
• Ābhīra
• Darada
• Kāśmīra

FAQs

What is the main theme of this verse in the Svargakhaṇḍa?

It functions as an ethnographic-geographic enumeration, listing social groups (varṇas) and regional peoples (Śūra, Ābhīra, Darada, Kāśmīra), indicating inhabited regions and their communities.

Who are the Daradas and Ābhīras mentioned here?

In Purāṇic and epic-era references, Daradas are typically associated with northwestern/Himalayan regions, while Ābhīras are often linked with pastoral communities in western and central India; the verse uses them as recognizable regional peoples.

Why does the verse add “together with their cattle” (paśubhiḥ saha)?

It highlights pastoral and agrarian life as integral to these communities, implying settled habitation and economic livelihood tied to livestock.