Shloka 1

अप ह< बक। हक २ >> चतुस्त्रिंशर्दाधिकशततमो< ध्याय: बलकी महत्ता और पापसे छूटनेका प्रायद्षित्त भीष्म उवाच अत्र धर्मानुवचनं कीर्तयन्ति पुराविद: । प्रत्यक्षावेव धर्मार्थो क्षत्रियस्य विजानत:,भीष्मजी कहते हैं--राजन्‌! प्राचीनकालकी बातोंको जाननेवाले विद्वान्‌ इस विषयमें जो धर्मका प्रवचन करते हैं, वह इस प्रकार है--विज्ञ क्षत्रियके लिये धर्म और अर्थ--ये दो ही प्रत्यक्ष हैं

Bhīṣma uvāca: atra dharmānuvacanaṃ kīrtayanti purāvidaḥ | pratyakṣāv eva dharmārtho kṣatriyasya vijānataḥ ||

ภีษมะกล่าวว่า “ข้าแต่พระราชา! บัณฑิตผู้รู้เรื่องราวโบราณย่อมสาธยายคำสอนแห่งธรรมในเรื่องนี้ดังนี้—สำหรับกษัตริย์นักรบผู้มีปัญญา ธรรมะและอรรถะ—สองประการนี้แลเป็นความจริงที่ประจักษ์อยู่ตรงหน้า”

अत्रhere; in this matter
अत्र:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअत्र
Formindeclinable (locative adverb)
धर्मानुवचनम्instruction/discourse on dharma
धर्मानुवचनम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मानुवचन
Formneuter, nominative singular
कीर्तयन्तिthey proclaim; they recount
कीर्तयन्ति:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootकीर्तय्
Formpresent, parasmaipada, 3rd person plural
पुराविदःknowers of ancient lore
पुराविदः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootपुराविद्
Formmasculine, nominative plural
प्रत्यक्षौdirectly evident (two)
प्रत्यक्षौ:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootप्रत्यक्ष
Formmasculine, nominative dual
इवas if; like
इव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइव
Formindeclinable (particle of comparison)
धर्मार्थौdharma and artha
धर्मार्थौ:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मार्थ
Formmasculine, nominative dual
क्षत्रियस्यof a kshatriya
क्षत्रियस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootक्षत्रिय
Formmasculine, genitive singular
विजानतःof one who knows; discerning
विजानतः:
TypeVerb
Rootवि-ज्ञा
Formpresent active participle, masculine, genitive singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
R
Rājan (the King—Yudhiṣṭhira as addressee, implied)

Educational Q&A

Bhishma frames kshatriya ethics as grounded in what is immediately evident in governance and life: dharma (right duty/justice) and artha (welfare, power, and material-political aims). A ruler must recognize both as direct, practical realities rather than abstract ideals alone.

In the Shanti Parva’s instruction to the king, Bhishma introduces an authoritative traditional teaching, citing ‘knowers of ancient lore,’ and begins a discourse that will explain dharma in this context—especially as it applies to a discerning warrior-king.