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Shloka 1

Brahmopadeśa: Ahiṃsā, Jñāna, and the Kṣetrajña–Sattva Analysis

Chapter 49

अत--#क+ एकोनपज्चाशत्तमो<ड्ध्याय: धर्मका निर्णय जाननेके लिये ऋषियोंका प्रश्न ऋषय ऊचु: को वा स्विदिह धर्माणामनुछेयतमो मतः । व्याहतामिव पश्यामो धर्मस्य विविधां गतिम्‌

ṛṣaya ūcuḥ | ko vā svid iha dharmāṇām anuṣṭheyatamo mataḥ | vyāhatām iva paśyāmo dharmasya vividhāṃ gatim ||

เหล่าฤๅษีกล่าวถามว่า “ข้าแต่พราหมณ์ ในโลกนี้ ในบรรดาธรรมทั้งปวง ธรรมข้อใดเล่าถือว่าเลิศที่สุดควรแก่การปฏิบัติ? เพราะเรามองเห็นวิถีแห่งธรรมอันหลากหลายประหนึ่งว่าขัดแย้งและกีดขวางกันเอง”

ऋषयःthe sages
ऋषयः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootऋषि
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
ऊचुःsaid
ऊचुः:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect, Third, Plural, Parasmaipada
कःwhich (one)? / who?
कः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
वाindeed / or
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
स्वित्pray? / I wonder
स्वित्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootस्वित्
इहhere, in this world
इह:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइह
धर्माणाम्of (all) dharmas / duties
धर्माणाम्:
TypeNoun
Rootधर्म
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
अनुष्ठेयतमःmost to be practiced / most to be performed
अनुष्ठेयतमः:
TypeAdjective
Rootअनुष्ठेयतम
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular, Superlative (-तम)
मतःconsidered, regarded
मतः:
TypeAdjective
Rootमत
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
व्याहतान्struck, mutually conflicting
व्याहतान्:
TypeAdjective
Rootव्याहत
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
इवas if, like
इव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइव
पश्यामःwe see
पश्यामः:
TypeVerb
Rootपश्
FormPresent, First, Plural, Parasmaipada
धर्मस्यof dharma
धर्मस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootधर्म
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
विविधाम्various, manifold
विविधाम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootविविध
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
गतिम्course, path, way
गतिम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootगति
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular

वायुदेव उवाच

ṛṣayaḥ (sages)
B
brahman (addressed Brahmin/holy speaker)

Educational Q&A

The verse frames a classic Mahābhārata problem: dharma is not always a single clear rule, because multiple duties and values can appear to clash. Therefore, one must inquire into which practice is truly ‘most to be undertaken’ in a given world of competing moral claims.

A group of sages formally question a Brahmin speaker, asking for a decisive criterion: among all dharmas, which is the सर्वोत्तम to practice, since the many paths of dharma seem mutually obstructive and contradictory.