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Shloka 1

Nāga-prādhānya-nāma-kathana

Principal Nāga Names Enumerated

अपन प्रात बछ। अंक एकत्रिशो<5 ध्याय: इन्द्रके द्वारा वालखिल्योंका अपमान और उनकी तपस्याके प्रभावसे अरुण एवं गरुडकी उत्पत्ति शौनक उवाच को<पराधो महेन्द्रस्य कः प्रमादश्च॒ सूतज । तपसा वालखिल्यानां सम्भूतो गरुड: कथम्‌,शौनकजीने पूछा--सूतनन्दन! इन्द्रका क्या अपराध और कौन-सा प्रमाद था? वालखिल्य मुनियोंकी तपस्याके प्रभावसे गरुडकी उत्पत्ति कैसे हुई थी?

Śaunaka uvāca | ko 'parādho Mahendrasya kaḥ pramādaś ca sūtaja | tapasā Vālakhilyānāṃ sambhūto Garuḍaḥ katham ||

เศานกะกล่าวว่า “โอ บุตรแห่งสุตะ! พระอินทร์ผู้ยิ่งใหญ่ได้กระทำความผิดอันใด และได้ประมาทอันใด? และครุฑบังเกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไรด้วยอานุภาพแห่งตบะของฤๅษีวาลขิลยะ?”

शौनकःShaunaka
शौनकः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootशौनक
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect, 3rd, Singular
कःwhat?/which?/who?
कः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अपराधःoffence, wrongdoing
अपराधः:
TypeNoun
Rootअपराध
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
महेन्द्रस्यof Mahendra (Indra)
महेन्द्रस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootमहेन्द्र
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
कःwhat?/which?/who?
कः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
प्रमादःnegligence, heedlessness
प्रमादः:
TypeNoun
Rootप्रमाद
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
सूतजO son of the Suta (charioteer-bard)
सूतज:
TypeNoun
Rootसूतज
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
तपसाby austerity
तपसा:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootतपस्
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
वालखिल्यानाम्of the Valakhilyas (sages)
वालखिल्यानाम्:
TypeNoun
Rootवालखिल्य
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
सम्भूतःarisen, produced
सम्भूतः:
TypeVerb
Rootसम्-भू
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Nominative, Singular
गरुडःGaruda
गरुडः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootगरुड
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
कथम्how?
कथम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootकथम्

शौनक उवाच

शौनक (Śaunaka)
महेन्द्र/इन्द्र (Mahendra/Indra)
सूतज (Sūtaja; Ugraśravas Sauti)
वालखिल्य (Vālakhilya sages)
गरुड (Garuḍa)

Educational Q&A

The verse frames an ethical inquiry: even the ruler of the gods can fall into aparādha (offense) through pramāda (carelessness). It also highlights the Mahābhārata theme that tapas—disciplined ascetic power—can generate world-shaping consequences, demanding humility from the powerful.

Śaunaka asks Sauti to explain two connected points: what Indra did wrong in relation to the Vālakhilya sages, and how the sages’ austerities led to the emergence of Garuḍa (and, by the chapter’s theme, the related account of Aruṇa and Garuḍa’s origins).