Shloka 45

Devanagari script

नदन्ति कामं शकुना मुदितास्सङ्घशः कलम्। आह्वयन्त इवान्योन्यं कामोन्मादकरा मम।।4.1.45।।

Transliteration

nadanti kāmaṃ śakunā muditāḥ saṅghaśaḥ kalam | āhvayanta ivānyonyaṃ kāmonmādakarā mama ||

Translation

ఆనందంతో పక్షులు గుంపులుగా మధుర స్వరంతో స్వేచ్ఛగా కూస్తున్నాయి, పరస్పరం పిలుచుకొనినట్లుగా; కాని నాకు మాత్రం అవే ధ్వనులు వియోగజన్య కామోన్మాదాన్ని మరింత రెచ్చగొడుతున్నాయి।

Word by Word

• nadanti: cry/sing
• nadanti: Kriyā (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √nad (धातु)
• Form: Laṭ (Present), Prathama puruṣa, Bahuvacana

• kāmam: indeed
• kāmam: Sambandha (Particle/निपात-सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: kāmam (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; emphasis/assurance particle (नूनार्थ/खल्वर्थ)

• śakunāḥ: birds
• śakunāḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śakuna (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana

• muditāḥ: joyful
• muditāḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: √mud (धातु) + kta (क्त)
• Form: Kṛdanta (क्त) 'rejoiced'; Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana; qualifying 'śakunāḥ'

• saṅghaśaḥ: in groups
• saṅghaśaḥ: Sambandha (Adverbial/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: saṅghaśas (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; distributive adverb 'in groups'

• kalam: sweet sound/voice
• kalam: Karma (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kala (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napuṃsakaliṅga, Dvitīyā (Accusative), Ekavacana; adverbial object 'sweetly'

• āhvayantaḥ: calling/inviting
• āhvayantaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ā-√hve (धातु) + śatṛ (शतृ)
• Form: Present active participle (शतृ), Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana; qualifying 'śakunāḥ'

• iva: as if
• iva: Sambandha (Particle/निपात-सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: iva (अव्यय)
• Form: Simile particle

• anyonyam: each other
• anyonyam: Karma (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: anyonya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Avyayībhāva-like usage as reciprocal; Dvitīyā (Accusative), Ekavacana (collective)

• kāma-unmāda-karāḥ: causing love-madness
• kāma-unmāda-karāḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: kāma (प्रातिपदिक) + unmāda (प्रातिपदिक) + kara (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa compound; Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana; qualifying 'śakunāḥ'

• mama: for me / of me
• mama: Sambandha (Genitive relation/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Sarvanāma, Ṣaṣṭhī (Genitive), Ekavacana

Characters & Entities

• Lakshmana
• birds

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma includes mastery over the mind: the same stimulus that delights others can disturb one who suffers injustice and separation, calling for inner discipline.

What is the narrative situation?

During spring in the forest, Rama hears birds calling and confides to Lakshmana that their joy intensifies his longing for Sita.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Emotional honesty with restraint—Rama acknowledges powerful feelings without abandoning his righteous aim to recover Sita.