Shloka 21

यथा मृगस्य विद्धस्य पदमेकं पद नयेत्‌ । लक्षेद्‌ रुधिरलेपेन तथा धर्मपदं नयेत्‌,जो वेदविहित, स्मृतियोंद्वारा अनुमोदित, सज्जनोंद्वारा सेवित तथा अपनेको प्रिय लगनेवाला धर्म है, उसे चतुर्गुणसम्पन्न माना गया है। जो वैसे धर्मका उपदेश करता है, वही धर्मज्ञ है। सर्पके पदचिह्नकी भाँति धर्मके यथार्थ स्वरूपको ढूँढ़ निकालना बहुत कठिन है। जैसे बाणसे बिंधे हुए मृगका एक पैर पृथ्वीपर रक्तका लेप कर देनेके कारण व्याधको उस मृगके रहनेके स्थानको लक्षित कराकर वहाँ पहुँचा देता है, उसी प्रकार उक्त चतुर्गुणसम्पन्न धर्म भी धर्मके यथार्थ स्वरूपकी प्राप्ति करा देता है

yathā mṛgasya viddhasya padam ekaṃ pada nayet | lakṣed rudhiralepena tathā dharmapadaṃ nayet ||

Bhishma disse: Assim como o rastro de um cervo atingido por uma flecha pode ser seguido passo a passo—pois o sangue, ao manchar as pegadas, marca o caminho e conduz o caçador até onde ele foi—do mesmo modo pode-se ser conduzido à verdadeira “pegada” do dharma. A natureza real do dharma é extremamente difícil de discernir, como o rastro de uma serpente; contudo, o dharma que (1) é prescrito pelo Veda, (2) é confirmado pelas Smṛtis, (3) é praticado pelos virtuosos e (4) é aprovado interiormente como bom e querido, torna-se um guia quádruplo que ajuda a alcançar a forma autêntica do dharma. Quem ensina tal dharma é, de fato, um conhecedor do dharma.

यथाjust as
यथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयथा
मृगस्यof a deer
मृगस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootमृग
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
विद्धस्यpierced/wounded
विद्धस्य:
TypeAdjective
Rootविद्ध
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
पदम्footstep/track
पदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
एकम्one
एकम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
पदstep/track
पद:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
नयेत्should lead/trace
नयेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootनी
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
लक्षेत्should notice/recognize
लक्षेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootलक्ष्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
रुधिरलेपेनby the smear of blood
रुधिरलेपेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootरुधिरलेप
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
तथाso/in the same way
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
धर्मपदम्the track/footprint of dharma
धर्मपदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
नयेत्should lead/trace
नयेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootनी
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma
D
deer (mṛga)
A
arrow (implied by viddha)
B
blood (rudhira)
F
footprint/track (pada)
H
hunter (implied by the simile)

Educational Q&A

Dharma is subtle and difficult to identify, but it can be reliably approached through a fourfold guide: what the Veda enjoins, what the Smṛtis endorse, what good people practice, and what a purified conscience finds wholesome and dear. Teaching and following such dharma is the mark of a true dharma-knower.

In Bhishma’s instruction during the Śānti Parva, he uses a vivid hunting simile: a wounded deer leaves a blood-marked trail that guides the hunter to its location. Likewise, the fourfold criteria function as a ‘trail’ that leads a seeker toward the authentic understanding of dharma, which is otherwise as hard to trace as a serpent’s track.