Shloka 21
Vimokṣa-niścaya: Pañcaśikha’s Analysis of Aggregates, Guṇas, and Tyāga (मोक्षनिर्णयः)
सम्मोहकं तमो विद्यात् कृष्णमज्ञानसम्भवम् | प्रीतिदुःखनिबद्धांश्व समस्तांस्त्रीनथो गुणान्
bhīṣma uvāca | sammohakaṃ tamo vidyāt kṛṣṇam ajñāna-sambhavam | prīti-duḥkha-nibaddhāṃś ca samastāṃs trīn atho guṇān |
Bhishma bersabda: Hendaklah diketahui bahawa tamas ialah kuasa yang membingungkan—gelap laksana hitam—dan lahir daripada kejahilan. Antara tiga guṇa yang mengikat semua makhluk, kecenderungan yang menimbulkan kepuasan dan kasih sayang adalah sāttvika, manakala kecenderungan yang melahirkan penderitaan adalah rājasa. Demikianlah sifat tiga guṇa itu harus dibezakan.
भीष्म उवाच
Educational Q&A
Bhishma defines the ethical-psychological markers of the guṇas: tamas is delusion and darkness arising from ignorance; sattva is associated with clarity and pleasant, affectionate states; rajas is associated with agitation that culminates in suffering. The teaching urges discernment of these inner forces to guide conduct toward dharma.
In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on right living and inner discipline, Bhishma continues his counsel by classifying mental dispositions through the framework of the three guṇas, explaining how they manifest and how they bind beings.