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Shloka 13

उपवासफलात्मकविधिः — Upavāsa as Yajña-Equivalent Merit

Angiras Teaching

चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणं वैश्ये शूद्रे विधीयते । त्रिरात्रं नतु धर्मजिविंहितं धर्मदर्शिभि:,वैश्य और शूद्रके लिये चौथे समयतकके भोजनका त्याग करनेका विधान है अर्थात्‌ उन्हें केवल दो दिन एवं दो रात्रितक उपवास करना चाहिये; क्‍योंकि धर्मशास्त्रके ज्ञाता एवं धर्मदर्शी विद्वानोंने उनके लिये तीन राततक उपवास करनेका विधान नहीं किया है

caturthabhaktakṣapaṇaṃ vaiśye śūdre vidhīyate | trirātraṃ na tu dharmajīvihitaṃ dharmadarśibhiḥ ||

Aṅgiras berkata: “Bagi seorang Vaiśya dan seorang Śūdra, penebusan yang ditetapkan ialah meninggalkan waktu makan yang keempat—yakni berpuasa hanya dua hari dan dua malam. Para resi yang melihat dharma tidak menetapkan puasa tiga malam bagi mereka sebagai aturan hidup yang benar.”

चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणम्the expiation consisting in giving up the fourth meal-time food
चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootचतुर्थ-भक्त-क्षपण
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
वैश्येfor/in the case of a Vaiśya
वैश्ये:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवैश्य
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
शूद्रेfor/in the case of a Śūdra
शूद्रे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootशूद्र
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
विधीयतेis prescribed/ordained
विधीयते:
TypeVerb
Rootधा (वि + धा)
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Ātmanepada, Passive
त्रिरात्रम्three nights (a three-night fast/period)
त्रिरात्रम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootत्रिरात्र
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
तुbut/however
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
धर्मजीविनाम्of those who live by dharma (righteous men)
धर्मजीविनाम्:
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मजीविन्
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
हितम्beneficial/approved
हितम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootहित
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
धर्मदर्शिभिःby the seers of dharma (learned authorities)
धर्मदर्शिभिः:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मदर्शिन्
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Plural

अंगियरा उवाच

A
Aṅgiras
V
Vaiśya
Ś
Śūdra
D
dharmadarśin (dharma-seers/sages)

Educational Q&A

The verse states a differentiated rule of expiatory fasting: for Vaiśyas and Śūdras, the dharma-authorities prescribe a shorter fast (up to the ‘fourth meal-time,’ understood as two days and two nights), not the stricter three-night fast.

In Anuśāsana Parva’s instruction on dharma and penances, the sage Aṅgiras explains the appropriate duration of fasting as expiation for different social orders, clarifying that a three-night fast is not enjoined for Vaiśyas and Śūdras in this context.