Shloka 22

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

लडीरितो वर्तमाने स्मेनातीते च धातुतः / भूते ऽनद्यतने लङ्वा लोडाद्याशिषि धातुतः

Transliteration

laḍīrito vartamāne smenātīte ca dhātutaḥ / bhūte 'nadyatane laṅvā loḍādyāśiṣi dhātutaḥ

Translation

Akhiran laṭ ditetapkan bagi kala kini, dan partikel sma digunakan bersama akar kata kerja untuk menandai kala lampau. Bagi masa lampau yang tidak terbatas pada “hari ini”, digunakan laṅ; dan daripada akar kata kerja, loṭ serta bentuk-bentuk perintah yang lain digunakan untuk arahan dan doa berkat.

Word by Word

• लट्: the laṭ (present tense marker)
• लट्: Karta (Topic/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लट् (प्रत्याहार/लकार-नाम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; लकार-संज्ञा (name of tense/mood)

• ईरितः: is stated/expressed
• ईरितः: Karma (Predicate/कर्म)
• Type: Verb
• Root: ईर् (धातु) → ईरित (कृदन्त, क्त-प्रत्यय)
• Form: भूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (Past passive participle), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• वर्तमाने: in the present (time)
• वर्तमाने: Adhikarana (Domain/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वर्तमान (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी-विभक्ति (Locative/7th), एकवचन

• स्मे: in ‘sma’ (perfect/remote past usage marker)
• स्मे: Sambandha (Technical reference/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्म (लकार-नाम; लिट्-पर्याय/परस्मैपदादि-प्रयोगे)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी/प्रयोग-निर्देशरूपे (as technical term; treated as locative-like)

• एन: (particle)
• एन: Sambandha (Connector/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एन (अव्यय/निपात)
• Form: अव्यय, निपात (particle; used in grammatical enumeration)

• अतीते: in the past
• अतीते: Adhikarana (Time/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अतीत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (Conjunction/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, समुच्चय (conjunction)

• धातुतः: from the root / based on the root
• धातुतः: Hetu/Apadana (Source/अपादान)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: धातु (प्रातिपदिक) + तस् (तद्धित)
• Form: अव्यय, तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त (ablatival adverb)

• भूते: in the past (completed)
• भूते: Adhikarana (Time/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भूत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• अनद्यतने: not of today (remote)
• अनद्यतने: Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अनद्यतन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन; भूतॆ इति विशेषण

• लङ्: the laṅ (imperfect)
• लङ्: Karta (Topic/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लङ् (लकार-नाम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; लकार-संज्ञा

• वा: or
• वा: Sambandha (Alternative/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: वा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, विकल्प (disjunctive particle)

• लोट्: the loṭ (imperative)
• लोट्: Karta (Topic/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लोट् (लकार-नाम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; लकार-संज्ञा

• आद्याः: and the rest/beginning with
• आद्याः: Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: आदि (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, बहुवचन; (लोट्-आद्याः = beginning with loṭ)

• आशिषि: in benediction/blessing
• आशिषि: Adhikarana (Context/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आशिष् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• धातुतः: from the root
• धातुतः: Hetu/Apadana (Source/अपादान)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: धातु (प्रातिपदिक) + तस् (तद्धित)
• Form: अव्यय, तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (in instruction to Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Lakāra–kāla correspondence: laṭ for present, sma for past nuance, laṅ for non-immediate past, loṭ etc. for injunction/āśīḥ.

Vedantic Theme: Discipline of speech (vāk-niyama) as a support for clarity of thought; śabda as a refined instrument of cognition.

Application: Choose correct tense/mood markers in composition; in reading, infer time and modality from laṭ/laṅ/loṭ and sma usage.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.23-24 (finer distinctions of vidhi, parokṣa, liṭ/ḷṭ)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of laṭ, laṅ, and loṭ in this Garuda Purana verse?

It gives a compact rule for selecting verbal tense/mood markers: laṭ for present, laṅ for past not restricted to ‘today’, and loṭ (and related forms) for commands and blessings.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul in Garuda Purana?

This specific verse is grammatical rather than afterlife-focused; it supports accurate scriptural recitation and interpretation by clarifying how time (present/past/command/blessing) is expressed in Sanskrit.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When reading or chanting texts, recognize whether a line is stating a present truth (laṭ), narrating a past event (laṅ / sma), or giving an instruction/blessing (loṭ/āśiṣ), improving both understanding and correct ritual usage.