Shloka 2

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

सुप्तिङन्तं पदं ख्यातं सुपः सप्त विभक्तयः / स्वौजसः प्रथमा प्रोक्ता सा प्रातिपदिकात्मके

Transliteration

suptiṅantaṃ padaṃ khyātaṃ supaḥ sapta vibhaktayaḥ / svaujasaḥ prathamā proktā sā prātipadikātmake

Translation

Suatu kata (pada) dikenal sebagai yang berakhir dengan akhiran kasus nama (sup) atau akhiran kata kerja (tiṅ). Akhiran ‘sup’ ada tujuh, berupa pembahagian kasus. Antaranya, ‘su, au, jas’ diajarkan sebagai kasus pertama (nominatif), dan ini terpakai pada dasar kata (prātipadika) yang berfungsi sebagai batang nama.

Word by Word

• सुप्तिङन्तम्: (that which is) ending in sup or tiṅ (i.e., a pada)
• सुप्तिङन्तम्: Karma (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सुप् + तिङ् + अन्त (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; समासः—(सुप्-तिङ्-अन्तं यत्)

• पदम्: a word/pada
• पदम्: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पद (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति (1st/Nominative), एकवचन

• ख्यातम्: is known/called
• ख्यातम्: Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया-विशेषण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: ख्या (धातु) + क्त (प्रत्यय)
• Form: कृदन्त (क्त-प्रत्ययान्त), नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; कर्मणि-प्रयोगे ‘ख्यातम्’ = प्रसिद्धम्

• सुपः: sup affixes (nominal endings)
• सुपः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सुप् (प्रातिपदिक/संज्ञा)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (सुप्-प्रत्ययाः)

• सप्त: seven
• सप्त: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सप्तन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: अव्ययवत् संख्याशब्दः; प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचनार्थे (विभक्तयः इति विशेष्ये)

• विभक्तयः: cases (vibhaktis)
• विभक्तयः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: विभक्ति (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• स्वौजसः: su, au, jas (the nominative endings)
• स्वौजसः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सु + औ + जस् (प्रातिपदिक/संज्ञा)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; द्वन्द्वः—(सु, औ, जस्) प्रथमा-बहुवचन-प्रत्यय-संज्ञा

• प्रथमा: the first case (nominative)
• प्रथमा: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रथमा (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• प्रोक्ता: is declared/said
• प्रोक्ता: Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया-विशेषण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र + वच् (धातु) + क्त (प्रत्यय)
• Form: कृदन्त (क्त-प्रत्ययान्त), स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; कर्मणि-भावः ‘कथिता’

• सा: that (she/it)
• सा: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: सर्वनाम, स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• प्रातिपदिकात्मके: in/with the prātipadika-based (nominal system)
• प्रातिपदिकात्मके: Adhikarana (Location/Reference/अधिकरण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: प्रातिपदिक + आत्मक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी-विभक्ति (7th/Locative), एकवचन; समासः—(प्रातिपदिकम् आत्मा यस्य/यत्र)

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (in discourse to Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Definition of pada (word) via sup/tiṅ endings; introduction to vibhakti system beginning with prathamā (su-au-jas).

Vedantic Theme: Right knowledge depends on right linguistic parsing; śabda-bodha (verbal cognition) is refined through grammatical categories.

Application: When reading śāstra, identify whether a form is nominal (sup) or verbal (tiṅ); recognize nominative markers to determine subject/topic.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.2 (pada-lakṣaṇa; sup/tiṅ; prathamā-vibhakti)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of sup and tiṅ in Garuda Purana study?

This verse defines ‘pada’ as an inflected unit formed by adding either nominal case-endings (sup) or verbal endings (tiṅ), giving readers a grammatical key for correctly interpreting Purāṇic statements.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul?

It does not directly discuss the soul’s journey; instead, it provides grammatical foundations (cases and endings) that support accurate understanding of later teachings on dharma, rites, and afterlife descriptions.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

Use this rule while chanting or studying: identify the stem (prātipadika) and recognize nominative forms (su/au/jas) to avoid misreading who/what a verse is describing.