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Shloka 41

राजधर्मप्रश्नः — Yudhiṣṭhira’s Inquiry into Rājadharma (Śānti-parva 56)

प्रत्यक्षेणानुमानेन तथौपम्यागमैरपि । परीक्ष्यास्ते महाराज स्वे परे चैव नित्यश:,महाराज! प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान और अताम--इन चारों प्रमाणोंके द्वारा सदा अपने-परायेकी पहचान करते रहना चाहिये

pratyakṣeṇānumānena tathaupamyāgamair api | parīkṣyāste mahārāja sve pare caiva nityaśaḥ ||

हे महाराज, प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान आणि आगम—या प्रमाणांच्या साहाय्याने तुला नेहमीच आपले कोण आणि परके कोण हे तपासून ओळखले पाहिजे; यामुळे बुद्धी स्थिर राहते आणि आचरण धर्मानुसार होते.

प्रत्यक्षेणby direct perception
प्रत्यक्षेण:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootप्रत्यक्ष
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
अनुमानेनby inference
अनुमानेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootअनुमान
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
तथाand likewise
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
उपम्यby comparison/analogy
उपम्य:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootउपम्य
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
आगमैःby authoritative testimony/tradition
आगमैः:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootआगम
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Plural
अपिalso/even
अपि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि
परीक्ष्यhaving examined
परीक्ष्य:
TypeVerb
Rootपरि-ईक्ष्
Formल्यप् (absolutive/gerund), Active
आस्तेone should remain/abide (be engaged)
आस्ते:
TypeVerb
Rootआस्
FormLat, Present, Third, Singular, Atmanepada
तेfor you
ते:
Sampradana
TypePronoun
Rootयुष्मद्
Form—, Dative, Singular
महाराजO great king
महाराज:
TypeNoun
Rootमहाराज
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
स्वेin one’s own (people/side)
स्वे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootस्व
FormMasculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular
परेin others/strangers (the other side)
परे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootपर
FormMasculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
नित्यशःalways/constantly
नित्यशः:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootनित्यशः

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
M
Mahārāja (Yudhiṣṭhira)

Educational Q&A

A ruler should continually practice discernment—testing claims and loyalties through reliable means of knowledge: perception, inference, analogy, and authoritative testimony—so that decisions remain grounded in dharma rather than impulse or bias.

In Śānti Parva, Bhīṣma instructs King Yudhiṣṭhira on righteous governance and conduct. Here he emphasizes epistemic discipline: the king must verify matters and distinguish ‘one’s own’ from ‘others’ using recognized pramāṇas.