Shloka 42

Adhyaya 57 — The Ninefold Divisions of Bharata: Mountains, Rivers, and Peoples

Sanskrit

एते देशा ह्युदीच्यास्तु प्राच्यान्देशान्निबोध मे । अध्रारका मुदकरा अन्तर्गिर्या बहिर्गिराः ॥

Transliteration

ete deśā hyudīcyāstu prācyāndeśānnibodha me / adhrārakā mudakarā antargiryā bahirgirāḥ

Translation

ഇവ തന്നെയാണ് വടക്കൻ ദേശങ്ങൾ; ഇനി എന്നിൽ നിന്ന് കിഴക്കൻ ദേശങ്ങളെ കേൾക്കുക—അധ്രാരകർ, മുദകർ, അന്തർഗിര്യർ, ബഹിർഗിരർ.

Word by Word

• एते: these
• एते: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: एतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st case), बहुवचन; सर्वनाम-विशेषण (demonstrative adjective)

• देशाः: countries/regions
• देशाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: देश (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन

• हि: indeed/for
• हि: Sambandha/Emphasis (सम्बन्ध/निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: हि (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात (particle), अव्यय

• उदीच्याः: northern
• उदीच्याः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: उदीच्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन; विशेषण (qualifying ‘deśāḥ’)

• अस्तु: let (them) be/are
• अस्तु: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: लोट् (imperative/benedictive), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन; विधिलिङ्गार्थे ‘let it be’

• प्राच्यान्: eastern
• प्राच्यान्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: प्राच्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), बहुवचन; विशेषण (qualifying ‘deśān’)

• देशान्: regions
• देशान्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: देश (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), बहुवचन

• निबोध: understand/learn
• निबोध: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: नि+बुध् (धातु)
• Form: लोट् (imperative), मध्यमपुरुष (2nd), एकवचन; परस्मैपद

• मे: of me/my
• मे: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अस्मद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी (6th, genitive) एकवचन; सर्वनाम

• अध्रारकाः: the Adhrārakas (a people)
• अध्रारकाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अध्रारक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन; जनपद-नाम (proper ethnonym)

• मुदकराः: the Mudakaras (a people)
• मुदकराः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मुदकर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन; जनपद-नाम

• अन्तर्गिर्याः: the Inner-mountain (folk/regions)
• अन्तर्गिर्याः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्तर् + गिरि (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (genitive determinative): ‘अन्तः-गिरि’ = inner-mountain (people/regions)

• बहिर्गिराः: the Outer-mountain (folk/regions)
• बहिर्गिराः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: बहिस् + गिरि (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), बहुवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: ‘बहिḥ-गिरि’ = outer-mountain (people/regions)

Speakers

• Paurāṇic narrator (geographical enumeration; frame-speaker not explicit in the given excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Geography
• Directional classification
• Mountain vs. outer-mountain peoples

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The text models a systematic way of knowing the world—by directions and natural boundaries—suggesting that knowledge (vidyā) includes ordered understanding of space and peoples.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Part of purāṇic cosmography (bhū-varṇana) commonly interleaved with genealogical and historical narration.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Inner-mountain’ and ‘outer-mountain’ can be read symbolically as inner/outer domains of experience; the Purāṇa’s ordering gesture mirrors the yogic impulse to classify and integrate.