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Shloka 31

Akalamṛtyu-kāraṇa and Bāla Antyeṣṭi: Age-graded Funeral Rites, Śrāddha Types, and Sonship Duties

Devanagari script

गरुड उवाच / औरसक्षेत्रजाद्याश्च पुत्त्रा दशविधाः स्मृताः / संगृहीतः सुतो यस्तु दासीपुत्त्रश्च तेन किम्

Transliteration

garuḍa uvāca / aurasakṣetrajādyāśca puttrā daśavidhāḥ smṛtāḥ / saṃgṛhītaḥ suto yastu dāsīputtraśca tena kim

Translation

ഗരുഡൻ പറഞ്ഞു—ഔരസ, ക്ഷേത്രജ മുതലായ പുത്രന്മാർ പത്ത് വിധമെന്ന് സ്മൃതിയിൽ പറയുന്നു; എന്നാൽ ‘സംഗൃഹീത’ (സ്വീകരിച്ച/ദത്തെടുത്ത) പുത്രനും ദാസീപുത്രനും—ഇവരുടെ വിധി എന്ത്?

Word by Word
गरुडःGaruḍa
गरुडः:
Karta (Speaker/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootगरुड (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
Kriya (Speech/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√वच् (धातु)
Formलिट्-लकार (परोक्षभूत/परिपूर्णभूत), परस्मैपद, प्रथम-पुरुष, एकवचन
औरसlegitimate (born of the body)
औरस:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootऔरस (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूपेण)
क्षेत्रजfield-born (begotten on wife by another)
क्षेत्रज:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootक्षेत्रज (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूपेण)
आद्याःand others beginning with
आद्याः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootआदि (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘and others’ (आदि-शब्द)
चand
च:
Sambandha (Conjunction/समुच्चय)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चय-निपात (conjunction)
पुत्राःsons
पुत्राः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootपुत्र (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन
दशविधाःof ten kinds
दशविधाः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootदश (संख्या-प्रातिपदिक) + विध (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; द्विगु-समासः (दश प्रकाराः)
स्मृताःare declared
स्मृताः:
Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√स्मृ (धातु) → स्मृत (कृदन्त; क्त)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त, पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; कर्मणि-भावः ‘are said/are remembered’
संगृहीतःaccepted/adopted
संगृहीतः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootसम् + √ग्रह् (धातु) → संगृहीत (कृदन्त; क्त)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (past participle)
सुतःson
सुतः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootसुत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन
यःwho/which
यः:
Sambandha (Relative/सम्बन्ध)
TypeNoun
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; सम्बन्ध-प्रत्यय (relative pronoun)
तुbut/indeed
तु:
Sambandha (Particle/सम्बन्ध)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु (अव्यय)
Formविरोध/अनुवाद-निपात (but/indeed)
दासीपुत्रःson of a maidservant
दासीपुत्रः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootदासी (प्रातिपदिक) + पुत्र (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (दास्याः पुत्रः)
चand
च:
Sambandha (Conjunction/समुच्चय)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चय-निपात
तेनby that/with that
तेन:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन
किम्what (use/point)?
किम्:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootकिम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; प्रश्नार्थक
Speaker

Garuḍa (Vinātā-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Putra-bheda (types of sons) determines rights, duties, and ritual competence; questions focus on how adoption/acceptance and servant-born status are treated within dharmic frameworks.

Vedantic Theme: Dharma as social-ritual order (vyavahāra) supporting continuity of obligations (ṛṇa) within saṃsāra.

Application: When handling inheritance/ritual responsibilities, consult dharma sources and community norms; recognize that social categories affect ritual roles in traditional contexts.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 2.25 (putra-bheda section continuing into śrāddha/ṛṇa themes)

Characters & Entities
G
Garuḍa

FAQs

This verse frames Garuḍa’s inquiry about who is recognized as a ‘son’ under dharma, which directly affects eligibility for ancestral rites such as śrāddha and piṇḍa-dāna.

By asking about adopted sons and sons of a servant, Garuḍa is clarifying which relations can lawfully carry out post-death duties—key to ensuring proper offerings and continuity of rites for the departed.

When arranging funeral or śrāddha observances, consult a qualified tradition (smārta/ācārya) on who should perform the rites—this verse highlights that dharma texts distinguish roles by recognized kinship categories.

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