Shloka 1

Adhyāya 302: Guṇa-vicāra, Gati-bheda, and the Imperishable State

Yājñavalkya–Janaka

Devanagari script

युधिष्ठिरने पूछा--पितामह! वह अक्षर तत्त्व कया है, जिसे प्राप्त कर लेनेपर जीव फिर इस संसारमें नहीं लौटता तथा वह क्षर पदार्थ क्या है, जिसको जानने या पा लेनेपर भी पुनः इस संसारमें लौटना पड़ता है?

Transliteration

Yudhiṣṭhira uvāca—Pitāmaha! tat akṣara-tattvaṃ kim, yat prāpya jīvaḥ punaḥ asmin saṃsāre na nivartate? ca tat kṣaraṃ padārthaṃ kim, yat jñātvā vā prāpya vā punaḥ asmin saṃsāre nivartate?

Translation

ユディシュティラは問うた。「祖父よ、ひとたび得れば生ある者がこの世に再び戻らぬという、不滅の実在（アクシャラ, akṣara）とは何ですか。では、たとえ知り得、あるいは得たとしても、なおこの世へ戻らねばならぬという、可滅の原理（クシャラ, kṣara）とは何ですか。」

Word by Word

• युधिष्ठिरः: Yudhishthira
• युधिष्ठिरः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: युधिष्ठिर
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• पप्रच्छ: asked
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्रच्छ्
• Form: Perfect, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada

• पितामह: O grandsire
• पितामह: Sampradana
• Type: Noun
• Root: पितामह
• Form: Masculine, Vocative, Singular

• तत्: that
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Singular

• अक्षरम्: the imperishable (principle)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अक्षर
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Singular

• तत्त्वम्: reality; principle
• Type: Noun
• Root: तत्त्व
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Singular

• किम्: what?
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: किम्
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Singular

• यत्: which
• यत्: Karma
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Singular

• प्राप्य: having attained
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र + आप्
• Form: Lyap (absolutive/gerund), Active, true

• जीवः: the living being
• जीवः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: जीव
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• पुनः: again
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: पुनः

• न: not
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न

• आवर्तते: returns; comes back
• Type: Verb
• Root: आ + वृत्
• Form: Present, Third, Singular, Atmanepada

• अस्मिन्: in this
• अस्मिन्: Adhikarana
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: इदम्
• Form: Masculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular

• संसारे: world; cycle of existence
• संसारे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: संसार
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

• तथा: and; likewise
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा

• क्षरः: perishable
• Type: Adjective
• Root: क्षर
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• पदार्थः: entity; object
• Type: Noun
• Root: पदार्थ
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• कः: what?
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: किम्
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• यम्: which
• यम्: Karma
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्
• Form: Masculine, Accusative, Singular

• ज्ञात्वा: having known
• Type: Verb
• Root: ज्ञा
• Form: Ktvā (absolutive/gerund), Active, true

• प्राप्य: having attained
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र + आप्
• Form: Lyap (absolutive/gerund), Active, true

• वा: or
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: वा

• पुनः: again
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: पुनः

• आवर्तते: returns
• Type: Verb
• Root: आ + वृत्
• Form: Present, Third, Singular, Atmanepada

• अस्मिन्: in this
• अस्मिन्: Adhikarana
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: इदम्
• Form: Masculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular

• संसारे: world; samsara
• संसारे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: संसार
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

Speaker

युधिछिर उवाच

Characters & Entities

• युधिष्ठिर (Yudhiṣṭhira)
• पितामह/भीष्म (Pitāmaha/Bhīṣma)
• जीव (jīva)
• संसार (saṃsāra)
• अक्षर तत्त्व (akṣara-tattva)
• क्षर पदार्थ (kṣara-padārtha)