Shloka 20

Upanayana Timing, Brahmacarya Rules, Ācamana & Sandhyā Observance

Devanagari script

उपनीय ददात्येनामाचार्यः स प्रकीर्तितः / एकदेशमुपाध्याय ऋत्विग्यज्ञकृदुच्यते

Transliteration

upanīya dadātyenāmācāryaḥ sa prakīrtitaḥ / ekadeśamupādhyāya ṛtvigyajñakṛducyate

Translation

入門の儀（ウパナヤナ）を執り行い、さらにこの聖なる知を授ける者は、アーチャーリヤ（Ācārya）と称えられる。ヴェーダ／シャーストラの一部のみを教える者はウパーディヤーヤ（Upādhyāya）と呼ばれ、リトヴィク（Ṛtvik）はヤジュニャ（yajña）を執行する祭官であると説かれる。

Word by Word

• upanīya: having brought (to the teacher)
• upanīya: Kriya-viseshana (Adverbial modifier/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: upa-√nī (धातु)
• Form: क्त्वान्त (absolutive/gerund), अव्ययभावः; उपसर्गः उप-; अर्थः ‘उपनेत्वा/समीपं नीत्वा’

• dadāti: gives
• dadāti: Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √dā (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष (3rd), एकवचन (Singular)

• enām: her/this (Sāvitrī)
• enām: Karma (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग (Feminine), द्वितीया (Accusative/2nd), एकवचन; सर्वनाम (pronoun)

• ācāryaḥ: the teacher (ācārya)
• ācāryaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ācārya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), प्रथमा (Nominative/1st), एकवचन

• saḥ: he
• saḥ: Karta (Co-referential subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; सर्वनाम

• prakīrtitaḥ: is proclaimed (as)
• prakīrtitaḥ: Kriya (Predicate complement/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: pra-√kīrt (धातु)
• Form: कृदन्तः—क्त (past passive participle), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; कर्मणि प्रयोगे ‘प्रकीर्तितः’ = ‘is declared/called’

• eka-deśam: in part/partly
• eka-deśam: Kriya-viseshana (Adverbial accusative/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: eka (प्रातिपदिक) + deśa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष-समास (एकस्य देशः); पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; अव्ययीभावार्थे ‘एकदेशम्’ = ‘partly/for a part’ (adverbial accusative)

• upādhyāyaḥ: the instructor (upādhyāya)
• upādhyāyaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: upādhyāya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• ṛtvik: the officiating priest (ṛtvik)
• ṛtvik: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ṛtvik (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• yajña-kṛt: the performer of a sacrifice
• yajña-kṛt: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yajña (प्रातिपदिक) + √kṛ (धातु)
• Form: तत्पुरुष-समास (यज्ञं करोति इति); पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• ucyate: is called
• ucyate: Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √vac (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), आत्मनेपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; कर्मणि प्रयोगः (passive)

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (speaking to Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Role-differentiation in Vedic transmission: ācārya (initiator and full instructor), upādhyāya (partial instructor), ṛtvik (ritual officiant).

Vedantic Theme: Adhikāra and saṃskāra as prerequisites for śāstra-adhyayana; right means (upāya) and right agent (kartṛ) preserve dharma.

Application: Honor and engage the correct teacher/ritvik for the correct function; seek complete instruction from an ācārya for full śāstric competence.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Geographic Context

Type: gurukula/yajna-shala (implied)

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.94.21-24 (continuation on honoring elders, brahmacarya duration, upanayana timing, vrātya status)

Characters & Entities

• Ācārya
• Upādhyāya
• Ṛtvik

FAQs

What is the importance of defining Ācārya, Upādhyāya, and Ṛtvik in the Garuda Purana?

This verse clarifies distinct religious roles—initiator-teacher (Ācārya), partial instructor (Upādhyāya), and sacrifice-officiant (Ṛtvik)—so rites and learning are performed with proper authority and dharmic correctness.

How does this verse relate to Garuda Purana teachings on dharma and ritual correctness?

By distinguishing who initiates, who teaches, and who performs yajñas, it safeguards the accuracy of saṃskāras and sacrifices—an essential foundation for dharma emphasized throughout the Purana.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When seeking initiation, scriptural study, or conducting ceremonies, choose qualified persons for each role—ensuring learning is authentic and rituals are performed according to tradition.