Shloka 12

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

द्वितीया च चतुर्थो स्याच्चेष्टायां गतिकर्मणि / अप्राणे हि विभक्ती द्बे मन्यकर्मण्यनादरे

Transliteration

dvitīyā ca caturtho syācceṣṭāyāṃ gatikarmaṇi / aprāṇe hi vibhaktī dbe manyakarmaṇyanādare

Translation

努力や動きを伴う行為を表す表現では、第二格（対格）と第四格（与格）のいずれも用いられ得る。また無生物に関してもこの二つの格用法が用いられ、とりわけ行為を従属的に見なす場合、あるいは軽んじて行う場合にそうである。

Word by Word

• द्वितीया: the accusative (second case)
• द्वितीया: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्वितीया (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन — Nominative singular; विभक्तिनाम (name of 2nd case)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (Conjunction/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चयबोधक-अव्यय (conjunction)

• चतुर्थः: the dative (fourth case)
• चतुर्थः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: चतुर्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन — Nominative singular; विभक्तिनाम (name of 4th case)

• स्यात्: should be (used)
• स्यात्: Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative/विधिलिङ्), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन — should be

• चेष्टायाम्: in activity/effort
• चेष्टायाम्: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: चेष्टा (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• गतिकर्मणि: in motion and action
• गतिकर्मणि: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गति-कर्मन् (प्रातिपदिक; गति + कर्मन्)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular; समासः इतरेतर-द्वन्द्वः (gatiś ca karma ca)

• अप्राणे: in the inanimate (without life-breath)
• अप्राणे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अ-प्राण (प्रातिपदिक; नञ्-समास)
• Form: पुं/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular; नञ्-तत्पुरुषः (prāṇo nāsti)

• हि: indeed
• हि: Sambandha (Particle/निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: हि (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात/अव्यय (emphasis/indeed)

• विभक्ती: two case-endings (cases)
• विभक्ती: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: विभक्ति (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), द्विवचन — Nominative dual

• द्वे: two
• द्वे: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: द्वि (सङ्ख्या/प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), द्विवचन — Nominative dual; संख्याविशेषण

• मन्यकर्मणि: in the object of ‘thinking/considering’
• मन्यकर्मणि: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मन्य-कर्मन् (प्रातिपदिक; मन्य + कर्मन्)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular; समासः षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (manyasya karma)

• अनादरे: in disrespect/neglect
• अनादरे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अनादर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (speaking to Garuda)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Vibhakti-vyavasthā: accusative and dative alternation in contexts of exertion/motion (ceṣṭā, gatikarman), and their use with inanimates when the action is treated as secondary or with disregard (anādara).

Vedantic Theme: Discrimination (viveka) in language mirrors discrimination in thought; precise expression supports precise cognition.

Application: When translating or composing Sanskrit, allow acc./dat. alternation for motion/effort verbs; mark nuance of ‘disregard/secondary action’ especially with inanimate objects to preserve intended tone.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205: adjacent vibhakti rules (caturthī, tṛtīyā, saptamī, ṣaṣṭhī) forming a compact grammar digest

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of vibhakti (case endings) in the Garuda Purana?

This verse highlights that correct case usage (especially accusative and dative with motion/effort) affects how actions and intentions are understood when interpreting Purāṇic statements.

How does this verse help in reading Garuda Purana teachings accurately?

It provides a grammatical rule: in contexts of exertion and movement, both the second and fourth cases can occur, so meanings should be derived with attention to context rather than assuming only one fixed construction.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When studying or chanting, consult a proper grammatical parsing: small shifts in case endings can change the intended meaning, improving accuracy in learning, teaching, and ritual recitation.