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Shloka 1

Vrata-Niyama: Fasting Purity, Brahmakūrcha, Naktāhāra, and Kāla-Nirṇaya

Ritual Timing

Devanagari script

सप्तविंशत्युत्तरशततमो ऽध्यायः ब्रह्मोवाच / व्रतानि व्यास वक्ष्यामि यैस्तुष्टः सर्वदो हरिः / शास्त्रोदितो हि नियमो व्रतं तच्च तपो मतम्

Transliteration

saptaviṃśatyuttaraśatatamo 'dhyāyaḥ brahmovāca / vratāni vyāsa vakṣyāmi yaistuṣṭaḥ sarvado hariḥ / śāstrodito hi niyamo vrataṃ tacca tapo matam

Translation

第百二十八章。梵天は言った。「おおヴィヤーサよ、万物を授けるハリ（Hari）が歓喜される聖なる誓戒を、われは説き明かそう。誓戒とは、シャーストラにより命じられた規律であり、その誓戒こそがタパス（苦行・精進）と見なされる。」

Word by Word
सप्त-विंशति-उत्तर-शततमःthe 127th (chapter)
सप्त-विंशति-उत्तर-शततमः:
Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootसप्त (संख्या) + विंशति (संख्या) + उत्तर (प्रातिपदिक) + शततम (प्रातिपदिक)
Formसंख्यासमास/तत्पुरुष-प्रायः (अध्याय-क्रमवाचक), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘अध्यायः’
अध्यायःchapter
अध्यायः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootअध्याय (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
ब्रह्माBrahmā
ब्रह्मा:
Karta (Speaker/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootब्रह्मन्/ब्रह्मा (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Rootवच् (धातु)
Formलिट् (Perfect), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपद
व्रतानिvows/observances
व्रतानि:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootव्रत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया विभक्ति (Accusative), बहुवचन
व्यासO Vyāsa
व्यास:
Sambodhana (Address/सम्बोधन)
TypeNoun
Rootव्यास (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, सम्बोधन विभक्ति (Vocative), एकवचन
वक्ष्यामिI shall explain
वक्ष्यामि:
Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Rootवच् (धातु)
Formलृट् (Simple Future), उत्तमपुरुष (1st person), एकवचन; परस्मैपद
यैःby which
यैः:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग/पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया विभक्ति (Instrumental), बहुवचन; ‘व्रतानि’ इत्यस्य सम्बन्धि
तुष्टःpleased
तुष्टः:
Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootतुष् (धातु) + क्त (प्रत्यय)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (past participle), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘हरिः’
सर्वदःgiver of all (boons)
सर्वदः:
Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootसर्व (प्रातिपदिक) + द (प्रातिपदिक)
Formबहुव्रीहि समास (‘सर्वं ददाति’), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘हरिः’
हरिःHari (Viṣṇu)
हरिः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootहरि (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
शास्त्र-उदितःenjoined in scripture
शास्त्र-उदितः:
Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootशास्त्र (प्रातिपदिक) + उदित (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
Formतत्पुरुष समास (‘शास्त्रे उदितः’), क्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त; पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषणम् ‘नियमः’
हिindeed
हि:
Nipata (Emphasis/निपात)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootहि (अव्यय)
Formहेतौ/निश्चये निपात (particle: indeed/for)
नियमःa rule/discipline
नियमः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootनियम (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
व्रतम्a vow
व्रतम्:
Karta (Equative complement/कर्ता-सम्बन्ध)
TypeNoun
Rootव्रत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
तत्that
तत्:
Anuvada (Reference/अनुवाद)
TypeNoun
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; ‘व्रतम्’ इत्यस्य पुनरुक्ति/निर्देश
चand
च:
Samuccaya (Connector/समुच्चय)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चयबोधक अव्यय
तपःausterity
तपः:
Karta (Equative complement/कर्ता-सम्बन्ध)
TypeNoun
Rootतपस् (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन
मतम्is considered
मतम्:
Visheshana (Predicate qualifier/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootमन् (धातु) + क्त (प्रत्यय) / मत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त ‘मत’ (considered), नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; विधेयविशेषणम् (predicate adjective)
Speaker

Brahmā

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Vratas, as scripturally enjoined disciplines, are tapas that please Hari, the giver of all boons.

Vedantic Theme: Tapas and niyama, when oriented to the Supreme, become purifying karma that supports bhakti and steadiness of mind.

Application: Choose observances grounded in śāstra/tradition, keep them consistently, and dedicate their fruit to Hari rather than to egoic display.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Secondary Rasa: adbhuta

Geographic Context

Type: celestial discourse/ṛṣi-sabhā (textual frame)

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana: multiple chapters on vratas as means to please Viṣṇu and gain both worldly and spiritual fruits; Garuda Purana: framing dialogues (Brahmā/Keśava/Garuḍa) establishing authority

Characters & Entities
B
Brahmā
V
Vyāsa
H
Hari (Viṣṇu)

FAQs

This verse defines vrata as a śāstra-prescribed discipline and states that such observances please Hari, the giver of all—thereby making vrata a central dharmic means for spiritual progress.

By equating vrata with tapas, the verse frames disciplined, scriptural living as a purifying force that supports one’s spiritual trajectory—preparing the practitioner for higher states and divine grace.

Adopt one consistent, scripture-aligned discipline (fasting, truthfulness, charity, japa, or restraint) and treat it as tapas—performed to cultivate purity and devotion rather than mere ritual formality.

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