Shloka 40

ध्वजवर्णनम् | Dhvaja-varṇanam

Description of War Standards

Devanagari script

एकाह्वाहममर्ष च सर्वदु:खानि चैव ह

Transliteration

ekāhvāham amarṣa ca sarvaduḥkhāni caiva ha

Translation

Sañjaya berkata: “Seharian penuh aku menahan provokasi dan amarah, bahkan segala dukacita juga.”

Word by Word

• एकाह्वा: single combat (one-on-one challenge)
• एकाह्वा: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: एकाह्वा
• Form: Feminine, Nominative, Singular

• अहम्: I
• अहम्: Karta
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: अस्मद्
• Form: —, Nominative, Singular

• अमर्ष: intolerance; anger; resentment
• अमर्ष: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: अमर्ष
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• च: and
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च

• सर्वदुःखानि: all sorrows
• सर्वदुःखानि: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: सर्वदुःख
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Plural

• च: and
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च

• एव: indeed; just
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव

• ह: indeed (emphatic particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ह

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Sañjaya

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The line highlights endurance under provocation: resentment (amarṣa) and suffering (duḥkha) arise together in war, and the ethical challenge is to bear them without being driven into further wrongdoing.

What is happening in the narrative?

Sañjaya, narrating events to Dhṛtarāṣṭra, summarizes his experience of a day marked by provocation and the accumulation of grief—an observer’s compressed report of the emotional toll of the battle.