Sutra 5

Devanagari script

षोडशद्रोणं जाङ्गलानां वर्षप्रमाणमध्यर्धमानूपानां देशवापानामर्धत्रयोदशाश्मकानाम् त्रयोविंशतिरवन्तीनाममितमपरान्तानां हैमन्यानां च कुल्यावापानां च कालतः ॥ कZ_०२.२४.०५ ॥

Transliteration

ṣoḍaśadroṇaṃ jāṅgalānāṃ varṣapramāṇamadhyardhamānūpānāṃ deśavāpānāmardhatrayodaśāśmakānām trayoviṃśatiravantīnām amitam aparāntānāṃ haimanyānāṃ ca kulyāvāpānāṃ ca kālataḥ

Translation

Ukuran baku curah hujan (varṣa-pramāṇa) adalah: 16 droṇa di wilayah jāṅgala (kering); 8½ di wilayah ānūpa (rawa); 12½ untuk daerah Deśa dan Vāpa; 13½ untuk Aśmaka; 23 untuk Avanti; sedangkan untuk Aparānta tidak tetap (berubah-ubah). Untuk tanaman musim dingin serta penaburan yang diairi lewat kanal/parit (kulyā-vāpa), penilaiannya dilakukan menurut musim/waktu.

Word by Word

• षोडश-द्रोणम्: sixteen droṇas (as a measure/quantity)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्रोण
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, एकवचन, प्रथमा/द्वितीया; परिमाणवाचक

• जाङ्गलानाम्: of the Jāṅgala (dry) regions
• Type: Noun (adjectival, regional)
• Root: जाङ्गल
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; देशविशेष (जाङ्गल-देश)

• वर्ष-प्रमाणम्: the rainfall measure/standard
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रमाण
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, एकवचन, प्रथमा/द्वितीया; शीर्षक/विधेय-रूपेण

• अध्यर्धम्: one and a half (times/measure)
• Type: Indeclinable (quantifier)
• Root: अध्यर्ध
• Form: अव्यय; परिमाणवाचक (1½)

• आनूपानाम्: of the Ānūpa (marshy/riverine) regions
• Type: Noun (adjectival, regional)
• Root: आनूप
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; देशविशेष (आनूप-देश)

• देश-वापानाम्: of the regional reservoirs/tanks
• Type: Noun
• Root: वाप
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; ‘देश’ उपपद-निर्देश

• अर्ध-त्रयोदश: thirteen and a half
• Type: Numeral (indeclinable-like)
• Root: त्रयोदश
• Form: परिमाणवाचक; ‘thirteen and a half’ (13½)

• अश्मकानाम्: of the Aśmaka region/people
• Type: Noun (regional)
• Root: अश्मक
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; जनपद/देशविशेष

• त्रयोविंशतिः: twenty-three
• Type: Numeral
• Root: त्रयोविंशति
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, एकवचन, प्रथमा; संख्या 23

• अवन्तीनाम्: of Avanti
• Type: Noun (regional)
• Root: अवन्ती
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; जनपद/देशविशेष

• अमितम्: unlimited/indefinite (not fixed)
• Type: Adjective (used predicatively)
• Root: अमित
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, एकवचन, प्रथमा/द्वितीया; ‘अपरिमित’

• अपरान्तानाम्: of Aparānta
• Type: Noun (regional)
• Root: अपरान्त
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; देशविशेष

• हैमन्यानाम्: of the Haimaniya region/people
• Type: Noun (regional)
• Root: हैमनीय
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग/पुंलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; देश/जनपद-विशेष

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय

• कुल्या-वापानाम्: of canal-reservoirs (canal-fed tanks)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वाप
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, बहुवचन, षष्ठी; ‘कुल्या’ उपपद-निर्देश

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय

• कालतः: according to time/season
• Type: Noun (adverbial ablative)
• Root: काल
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, एकवचन, पञ्चमी; अव्ययीभावार्थे ‘कालतः’ = ‘समयानुसारम्/ऋतुवशात्’

Entities Mentioned

• Jāṅgala (arid tracts)
• Ānūpa (marshy tracts)
• Deśa
• Vāpa
• Aśmaka
• Avanti
• Aparānta
• Haimanya (winter season/crops)
• Kulyā-vāpa (canal irrigation)

More Details

FAQs

Why does the text give different rainfall standards by region?

To calibrate taxation, sowing schedules, irrigation priorities, and famine-risk planning to local ecological realities rather than a single empire-wide norm.

Why is Aparānta marked as 'amitam' (not fixed)?

It signals high variability/uncertainty, requiring flexible assessment instead of rigid targets—an administrative cue to rely on observation-based decisions.