Sutra 3

Devanagari script

रत्नसारफल्गुकुप्यानां साहसे मूल्यसमो दण्डः इति मानवाः ॥ कZ_०३.१७.०३ ॥

Transliteration

ratnasāraphalgukupyānāṃ sāhase mūlyasamo daṇḍaḥ iti mānavāḥ

Translation

रत्न, सार (कीमती माल), फल्गु (छोटी/तुच्छ वस्तुएँ) और कुप्य (धातु/औद्योगिक वस्तुएँ) के साहस में दण्ड मूल्य के बराबर हो—ऐसा मानव कहते हैं।

Word by Word

• रत्न: gem; precious article
• Type: Noun
• Root: रत्न
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद)

• सार: excellent quality; best-grade goods
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: सार
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद)

• फल्गु: trifling; of little value
• Type: Adjective
• Root: फल्गु
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद)

• कुप्य: saleable commodity (esp. base-metal goods/wares)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कुप्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद)

• रत्नसारफल्गुकुप्यानाम्: of gems, best-grade goods, trifling goods, and saleable wares
• Type: Noun (compound)
• Root: —
• Form: समाहार/इतरेतर-द्वन्द्वसमास; षष्ठी बहुवचन (genitive plural)

• साहसे: in a case of sāhasa (forcible/violent offence)
• Type: Noun
• Root: साहस
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• मूल्यसमः: equal to the value (of the article)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सम
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; मूल्येन समः = मूल्य-समः

• दण्डः: the penalty/fine
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• इति: thus; so (quoting a view)
• Type: Particle
• Root: इति
• Form: निपात (quotative)

• मानवाः: the Mānavas (authorities of Manu’s tradition)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मानव
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, बहुवचन

Entities Mentioned

• Mānavas (legal school)
• ratna
• sāra
• phalgu
• kupya

More Details

FAQs

What sentencing model is reflected in ‘mūlyasama’ (equal-to-value) fines?

A compensatory-proportional model: the state sets penalty proportional to economic harm, using market valuation categories to standardize punishment.