Sutra 41
Devanagari script
इतोऽनर्थ इतरतोऽर्थसंशय इत्युभयतोऽनर्थार्थसंशया ॥ कZ_०९.७.४१ ॥
Transliteration
ito'nartha itarato'rthasaṃśaya ityubhayato'narthārthasaṃśayā
Translation
जब एक ओर निश्चित हानि हो और दूसरी ओर लाभ संदिग्ध हो—तो यह दोनों ओर से हानि और संदिग्ध लाभ की दुविधा है।
Word by Word
इतःfrom this side; in this case
इतः:
TypePronoun (Adverbial)
Rootइदम्
Formअव्यय; तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त (ablatival adverb) ‘from here/this side’
अनर्थःharm; loss; disadvantage
अनर्थः:
TypeNoun
Rootअनर्थ
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन
इतरतःfrom the other side; otherwise
इतरतः:
TypeAdjective (Adverbial)
Rootइतर
Formअव्यय; तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त (ablatival adverb) ‘from the other side/otherwise’
अर्थसंशयःdoubt/uncertainty about benefit (gain)
अर्थसंशयः:
TypeNoun
Rootअर्थ + संशय
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन
इतिthus; as follows
इति:
TypeParticle/Quotative
Rootइति
Formअव्यय; उद्धरण/निदर्शनार्थक
उभयतःfrom both sides; in both ways
उभयतः:
TypeAdjective (Adverbial)
Rootउभय
Formअव्यय; तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त ‘from both sides; in both ways’
अनर्थार्थसंशयाः(they are) situations involving harm and doubtful gain (taken together)
अनर्थार्थसंशयाः:
TypeNoun
Rootअनर्थ + अर्थ + संशय
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-बहुवचन (class/category statement)
FAQs
The downside is certain while the upside is only probabilistic; Kautilya flags this as a higher-risk class because expected gains may not materialize but harms will.