Shloka 37
Varṇa-dharma and Rājadharma: Yudhiṣṭhira’s Inquiry and Bhīṣma’s Normative Outline (वर्णधर्म-राजधर्म-प्रश्नोत्तरम्)
संधिश्ष त्रिविधाभिख्यो हीनो मध्यस्तथोत्तम: । भयसत्कारवित्ताख्य॑ कार्त्स्न्येन परिवर्णितम्
sandhiś ca trividho ’bhikhyo hīno madhyas tathottamaḥ | bhaya-satkāra-vittākhyāḥ kārtsnyena parivarṇitam ||
Bhīṣma dit : «Les traités décrivent trois sortes d’alliance (sandhi) : inférieure, moyenne et supérieure. Elles sont appelées, respectivement, l’alliance conclue par crainte, l’alliance conclue pour l’honneur et la considération, et l’alliance conclue par la richesse ou l’avantage matériel. Leurs caractères ont été exposés en détail dans les textes faisant autorité.»
भीष्म उवाच
Educational Q&A
Bhishma classifies political alliances into three ethical-political types—fear-based (inferior), honor-based (middling), and wealth/advantage-based (superior)—highlighting that motives behind peace determine its quality and stability.
In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on kingship and governance, Bhishma teaches Yudhishthira principles of diplomacy, explaining how alliances are categorized in statecraft literature and what names and ranks they receive.