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Shloka 21

Kāpavya-carita (कापव्यचरित) — Reforming Dasyus through Regulated Rāja-Dharma

यथा मृगस्य विद्धस्य पदमेकं पद नयेत्‌ । लक्षेद्‌ रुधिरलेपेन तथा धर्मपदं नयेत्‌

yathā mṛgasya viddhasya padam ekaṃ pada nayet | lakṣed rudhiralepena tathā dharmapadaṃ nayet ||

Bhishma dit : De même que la piste d’un cerf frappé d’une flèche peut être suivie pas à pas—car la trace de sang marque ses empreintes et mène le chasseur jusqu’au lieu où il s’est rendu—ainsi peut-on être conduit vers la véritable « empreinte » du dharma. La nature réelle du dharma est extrêmement difficile à discerner, telle la trace d’un serpent ; pourtant, le dharma qui (1) est prescrit par le Veda, (2) est confirmé par les Smṛti, (3) est pratiqué par les vertueux, et (4) est approuvé au-dedans comme salutaire et cher, devient un guide quadruple qui aide à atteindre la forme authentique du dharma. Celui qui enseigne un tel dharma est véritablement un connaisseur du dharma.

यथाjust as
यथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयथा
मृगस्यof a deer
मृगस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootमृग
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
विद्धस्यpierced/wounded
विद्धस्य:
TypeAdjective
Rootविद्ध
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
पदम्footstep/track
पदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
एकम्one
एकम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
पदstep/track
पद:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
नयेत्should lead/trace
नयेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootनी
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
लक्षेत्should notice/recognize
लक्षेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootलक्ष्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
रुधिरलेपेनby the smear of blood
रुधिरलेपेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootरुधिरलेप
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
तथाso/in the same way
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
धर्मपदम्the track/footprint of dharma
धर्मपदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मपद
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
नयेत्should lead/trace
नयेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootनी
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma
D
deer (mṛga)
A
arrow (implied by viddha)
B
blood (rudhira)
F
footprint/track (pada)
H
hunter (implied by the simile)

Educational Q&A

Dharma is subtle and difficult to identify, but it can be reliably approached through a fourfold guide: what the Veda enjoins, what the Smṛtis endorse, what good people practice, and what a purified conscience finds wholesome and dear. Teaching and following such dharma is the mark of a true dharma-knower.

In Bhishma’s instruction during the Śānti Parva, he uses a vivid hunting simile: a wounded deer leaves a blood-marked trail that guides the hunter to its location. Likewise, the fourfold criteria function as a ‘trail’ that leads a seeker toward the authentic understanding of dharma, which is otherwise as hard to trace as a serpent’s track.