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Shloka 113

Ahiṃsā as Threefold Restraint (Mind–Speech–Action) and the Ethics of Consumption

एकस्तरति दुर्गाणि गच्छत्येकस्तु दुर्गतिम्‌ । बृहस्पतिजीने कहा--राजन्‌! प्राणी अकेला ही जन्म लेता

yudhiṣṭhira uvāca |

ekas tarati durgāṇi gacchaty ekas tu durgatim |

yaḥ nīcaḥ puruṣo dhana-lobhena vā śatrutā-kāraṇād vā śastraṃ gṛhītvā nihataṃ (aśastraṃ) puruṣaṃ hanti sa mṛtyor anantaram gardabha-yoniṃ prāpnoti ||

kharo jīvati varṣe dve tataḥ śastreṇa vadhyate |

sa mṛto mṛga-yoniṃ tu nityodvignaḥ punar jāyate ||

Yudhiṣṭhira dit : «Seul l’homme franchit les passages difficiles, et seul aussi il tombe dans la ruine. L’être vivant naît seul, meurt seul, et seul éprouve tant le dépassement de la souffrance que la saveur du malheur. Ainsi, l’homme vil qui, par avidité de richesse ou par inimitié, prend une arme et tue un homme désarmé—après la mort renaît dans le ventre d’un âne. Âne, il vit deux ans, puis il est abattu par une arme ; mourant ainsi, il renaît parmi les cerfs et vit dans une anxiété perpétuelle, toujours dans la crainte des chasseurs.»

एकःalone; one (person)
एकः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तरतिcrosses
तरति:
TypeVerb
Rootतॄ
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
दुर्गाणिdifficulties; hard passages
दुर्गाणि:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootदुर्ग
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
गच्छतिgoes; reaches
गच्छति:
TypeVerb
Rootगम्
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
एकःalone; one (person)
एकः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootएक
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तुbut; however
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
दुर्गतिम्bad state; misfortune; evil destiny
दुर्गतिम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootदुर्गति
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
खरःa donkey
खरः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootखर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
जीवतिlives
जीवति:
TypeVerb
Rootजीव्
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
वर्षेfor two years (lit. in two years)
वर्षे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवर्ष
FormNeuter, Locative, Dual
द्वेtwo
द्वे:
TypeAdjective
Rootद्वि
FormNeuter, Nominative, Dual
ततःthen; thereafter
ततः:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
शस्त्रेणby a weapon
शस्त्रेण:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootशस्त्र
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
वध्यतेis killed
वध्यते:
TypeVerb
Rootवध्
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Atmanepada, Passive
सःhe; that one
सः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
मृतःdead; having died
मृतः:
TypeAdjective
Rootमृत
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular, क्त (past passive participle)
मृगयोनौin the womb/species of a deer (animal)
मृगयोनौ:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootमृगयोनि
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
तुindeed; but
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
नित्यalways
नित्य:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootनित्य
उद्विग्नःagitated; frightened
उद्विग्नः:
TypeAdjective
Rootउद्विग्न
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular, क्त (past passive participle)
अभिजायतेis born; comes into existence
अभिजायते:
TypeVerb
Rootअभि+जन्
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Atmanepada

युधिछिर उवाच

Y
Yudhiṣṭhira
B
Bṛhaspati (as cited in the prose gloss)
Ś
śastra (weapon)
G
gardabha/khara (donkey)
M
mṛga (deer/wild animal)
M
mṛgayu/hunters (implied by fear of violence)

Educational Q&A

Moral responsibility is personal and inescapable: one faces the fruits of one’s actions alone. Specifically, violence driven by greed or enmity—especially killing an unarmed person—leads to degrading rebirths and a life marked by fear and suffering.

In Anuśāsana Parva’s ethical instruction, Yudhiṣṭhira articulates (with a traditional attribution to Bṛhaspati in the accompanying gloss) a karmic warning: the killer of an unarmed man is reborn first as a donkey, then after being slain, as a deer-like creature, living constantly terrified of hunters.