Shloka 14

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

तृतीया सहयोगे स्यात्कुत्सितेङ्गे विशेषणे / काले भावे सप्तमी स्यादेतैर्योगे ऽपिषष्ठ्यति

Transliteration

tṛtīyā sahayoge syātkutsiteṅge viśeṣaṇe / kāle bhāve saptamī syādetairyoge 'piṣaṣṭhyati

Translation

L’instrumental (tṛtīyā) sert à exprimer l’accompagnement ; il s’emploie aussi avec un membre méprisable et dans la qualification adjectivale. Le locatif (saptamī) sert à exprimer le temps et l’état/la condition ; et dans ces constructions le génitif (ṣaṣṭhī) peut également se rencontrer.

Word by Word

• तृतीया: the instrumental (third case)
• तृतीया: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तृतीया (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन — Nominative singular; विभक्तिनाम (3rd case)

• सहयोगे: in association/companionship
• सहयोगे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सह-योग (प्रातिपदिक; सह + योग)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular; समासः अव्ययीभाव/तत्पुरुष-प्रायः (saha-yoga: ‘association with’)

• स्यात्: should be (used)
• स्यात्: Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative/विधिलिङ्), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन — should be

• कुत्सिते: in the contemptible (sense)
• कुत्सिते: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: कुत्सित (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुं/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular; विशेषण

• अङ्गे: in a part/limb; in a member (context)
• अङ्गे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अङ्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• विशेषणे: in qualification (as an attribute)
• विशेषणे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: विशेषण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• काले: in time
• काले: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: काल (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• भावे: in state/condition
• भावे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भाव (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• सप्तमी: the locative (seventh case)
• सप्तमी: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सप्तमी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन — Nominative singular; विभक्तिनाम (7th case)

• स्यात्: should be (used)
• स्यात्: Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative/विधिलिङ्), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन — should be

• एतैः: with these
• एतैः: Karana (Instrument/करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: एतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुं/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/तृतीया), बहुवचन — Instrumental plural; सर्वनाम

• योगे: in construction/usage
• योगे: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: योग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन — Locative singular

• अपि: also/even
• अपि: Sambandha (Particle/निपात)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात/अव्यय (also/even)

• षष्ठी: the genitive (sixth case)
• षष्ठी: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: षष्ठी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन — Nominative singular; विभक्तिनाम (6th case)

• अति: beyond; excessively (prefix ‘ati’)
• अति: Sambandha (Relation/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अति (उपसर्ग/अव्यय)
• Form: उपसर्ग/अव्यय; अतिक्रमणार्थे (prefix ‘ati’, ‘beyond’)

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (teaching Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Semantic mapping of vibhaktis: tṛtīyā for accompaniment and certain qualificative/pejorative constructions; saptamī for time and condition; ṣaṣṭhī optionally in these yogas.

Vedantic Theme: Order (ṛta-like regularity) in language; correct relational thinking (sambandha-bodha) supports correct understanding.

Application: In reading Purāṇic and ritual Sanskrit, identify whether an instrumental indicates ‘with’ (saha) vs a descriptive/pejorative adjunct; treat locative as time/state; allow genitive alternation where idiom permits.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205: continuing vibhakti instruction; links to 1.205.15 on ṣaṣṭhī

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of vibhakti rules in the Garuda Purana?

They prevent misreading of ritual, ethical, and doctrinal statements by clarifying when accompaniment (tṛtīyā) or time/state (saptamī) is intended, and when a genitive sense can also apply.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul?

Indirectly: it provides grammatical guidance for correctly parsing doctrinal passages elsewhere in the text, which often describe states (bhāva) and times (kāla) of the soul’s post-death journey.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When studying or reciting the Garuda Purana for death rituals or śrāddha contexts, use these case-meaning cues to interpret relationships (with whom/with what), timing (when), and condition (in what state) accurately.