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Shloka 4

Kośārtha-Rājadharma: Ethical Revenue Collection and Social Regulation (कोशार्थ-राजधर्मः)

मधुदोहं दुह्ेद्‌ राष्ट्र भ्रमरा इव पादपम्‌ । वत्सापेक्षी दुहेच्चैव स्तनांश्व न विकुट्टयेत्‌,जैसे भौंरा धीरे-धीरे फूल एवं वृक्षका रस लेता है, वृक्षको काटता नहीं है, जैसे मनुष्य बछड़ेको कष्ट न देकर धीरे-धीरे गायको दुहता है, उसके थनोंको कुचल नहीं डालता है, उसी प्रकार राजा कोमलताके साथ ही राष्ट्ररूपी गौका दोहन करे, उसे कुचले नहीं

bhīṣma uvāca | madhudohaṃ duhed rāṣṭraṃ bhramarā iva pādapam | vatsāpekṣī duhec caiva stanāṃś ca na vikuṭṭayet ||

Bhishma dijo: «Que el rey extraiga los ingresos del reino como la abeja extrae el néctar del árbol: con suavidad, sin dañarlo. Y así como se ordeña a la vaca cuidando del ternero, sin magullar ni aplastar las ubres, del mismo modo el gobernante debe “ordeñar” el reino con delicadeza y mesura, sin oprimirlo jamás».

मधुदोहम्honey-extraction (taking honey/nectar)
मधुदोहम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमधु-दोह
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
दुहेत्should milk/extract
दुहेत्:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootदुह्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
राष्ट्रम्the kingdom/state
राष्ट्रम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootराष्ट्र
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
भ्रमराःbees
भ्रमराः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभ्रमर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
इवlike/as
इव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइव
पादपम्a tree
पादपम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपादप
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
वत्सापेक्षीhaving regard for the calf / mindful of the calf
वत्सापेक्षी:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootवत्स-अपेक्षिन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
दुहेत्should milk
दुहेत्:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootदुह्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
स्तनान्teats/udders
स्तनान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootस्तन
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
विकुट्टयेत्should not crush/mangle
विकुट्टयेत्:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootवि-कुट्ट्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada

भीष्य उवाच

B
Bhishma
K
king (implied ruler)
R
rāṣṭra (kingdom/realm)
B
bee (bhramara)
T
tree (pādapa)
C
cow (implied by milking imagery)
C
calf (vatsa)
T
teats (stana)

Educational Q&A

A ruler may take resources from the kingdom (taxes, service, produce) only in a measured, non-injurious way—like a bee taking nectar without damaging the tree, or a careful milker who does not hurt the cow. State extraction must preserve the people’s capacity to live and prosper.

In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on rajadharma, Bhishma advises Yudhishthira on how a king should treat his realm. Using two everyday similes—bee and milking—he warns against harsh taxation and oppressive governance, urging gentle, sustainable rule.