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Shloka 2

अत्यर्थ कोपनो राजा जातवैरश्न पाण्डुषु व्यसन परमं प्राप्त: किमाह परमाहवे

vaiśampāyana uvāca |

atyartha-kopano rājā jātavairaś ca pāṇḍuṣu |

vyasanaṁ paramaṁ prāptaḥ kim āha paramāhave ||

Vaiśampāyana dijo: El rey Duryodhana, sumamente iracundo y nacido en enemistad con los Pāṇḍavas, había caído en la más extrema calamidad en aquella batalla suprema. ¿Qué dijo entonces? (Se pregunta esto en el contexto de que, tras quebrársele los muslos, cayó al suelo y Bhīmasena puso su pie sobre la cabeza de Duryodhana, acto que agudiza la tensión ética entre la victoria justa y los excesos de la venganza.)

अत्यर्थम्excessively, extremely
अत्यर्थम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअत्यर्थ
कोपनःangry, wrathful
कोपनः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootकोपन
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
राजाking
राजा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootराजन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
जातवैरःone whose enmity has arisen (inveterate enemy)
जातवैरः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootजातवैर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
पाण्डुषुamong/with regard to the Pāṇḍavas (sons of Pāṇḍu)
पाण्डुषु:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootपाण्डु
FormMasculine, Locative, Plural
व्यसनम्calamity, distress
व्यसनम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootव्यसन
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
परमम्greatest, extreme
परमम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootपरम
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
प्राप्तःhaving reached/obtained
प्राप्तः:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootप्र-आप्
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Nominative, Singular
किम्what?
किम्:
Karma
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
आहsaid
आह:
TypeVerb
Rootअह्
FormPerfect (लिट्), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
परमाहवेin the great battle
परमाहवे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootपरमाहव
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular

वैशम्पायन उवाच

V
Vaiśampāyana
D
Duryodhana
P
Pāṇḍavas
B
Bhīmasena
D
Dhṛtarāṣṭra
S
Sañjaya

Educational Q&A

The verse frames a moral turning-point: uncontrolled anger and entrenched hostility culminate in ruin. It invites reflection on how pride and vengeance distort dharma even at the moment of victory, and how ethical restraint is tested most severely in war’s aftermath.

Vaiśampāyana sets up Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s inquiry to Sañjaya about Duryodhana’s reaction after being grievously defeated—his thighs broken and humiliated by Bhīma’s act of placing a foot on his head. The verse functions as a lead-in to Duryodhana’s ensuing speech.