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Shloka 38

भीष्मरथाभिमुख्यं — Arjuna’s advance with Śikhaṇḍin; Duḥśāsana’s interception

अपोवाह रणे भीरून्‌ कश्मलेनाभिसंवृतान्‌ । यथा वैतरणी प्रेतान्‌ प्रेतराजपुरं प्रति,जैसे वैतरणी नदी मरे हुए प्राणियोंको प्रेतराजके नगरमें पहुँचाती है, उसी प्रकार वह रक्तमयी नदी डरपोक और कायरोंको मूर्च्छित-से करके रणभूमिसे दूर हटाने लगी

apo vāha raṇe bhīrūn kaśmalenābhisaṃvṛtān | yathā vaitaraṇī pretān pretarājapuraṃ prati ||

Dijo Sañjaya: «En la batalla, arrastraba a los temerosos —a los envueltos por la desesperación y la confusión—, tal como el Vaitaraṇī conduce a los muertos hacia la ciudad del Señor de los difuntos. Así, aquel río de sangre apartaba del campo a los tímidos, como si desfallecieran.»

अपोवाहcarried away, drove away
अपोवाह:
TypeVerb
Rootअप + वह्
Formलिट् (perfect), परस्मैपद, 3, singular
रणेin battle
रणे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootरण
Formmasculine, locative, singular
भीरून्the fearful (cowards)
भीरून्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootभीरु
Formmasculine, accusative, plural
कश्मलेनby confusion/delusion
कश्मलेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootकश्मल
Formneuter, instrumental, singular
अभिसंवृतान्covered/overwhelmed
अभिसंवृतान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootअभि + सम् + वृ (वृणोति/वृणुते) → संवृत (PPP)
Formmasculine, accusative, plural, क्त (past passive participle)
यथाjust as
यथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयथा
वैतरणीthe Vaitaraṇī (river)
वैतरणी:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootवैतरणी
Formfeminine, nominative, singular
प्रेतान्the departed spirits
प्रेतान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootप्रेत
Formmasculine, accusative, plural
प्रेतराजपुरम्to the city of the lord of the dead (Yama)
प्रेतराजपुरम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootप्रेतराजपुर
Formneuter, accusative, singular
प्रतिtowards
प्रति:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootप्रति

संजय उवाच

S
Sañjaya
V
Vaitaraṇī
P
Pretas (the departed)
P
Pretarāja (Yama)
P
Pretarājapura (city of Yama)

Educational Q&A

The verse uses the Vaitaraṇī simile to show that in a righteous war, inner weakness—kaśmala, a collapse of courage and clarity—can ‘carry’ a person away from duty as surely as death carries the departed. Ethical strength is portrayed as inseparable from steadfastness in one’s role.

Sañjaya describes a terrifying, blood-like current on the battlefield that causes frightened fighters, overwhelmed by panic and confusion, to be swept away from the combat zone—likened to the Vaitaraṇī transporting the dead toward Yama’s abode.