Shloka 25

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

दातोरॢङ् क्रियातिपत्तौ लिङर्थे लेट् प्रकीर्तितः / कृतस्त्रिष्वपि वर्तन्ते भावे कर्मणि कर्तरि

Transliteration

dātorḷṅ kriyātipattau liṅarthe leṭ prakīrtitaḥ / kṛtastriṣvapi vartante bhāve karmaṇi kartari

Translation

Para una raíz verbal, ḷṅ (condicional) se usa para expresar una acción contrafáctica—lo que habría ocurrido pero no ocurrió; y se enseña que leṭ expresa el sentido de liṅ (fuerza injuntiva/optativa). Asimismo, las formas terminadas en kṛt se emplean en las tres construcciones: en bhāva (la acción como estado), en karma (en relación con el objeto) y en kartṛ (en relación con el agente).

Word by Word

• दातोः: of the root (dā)
• दातोः: Sambandha (Genitive relation/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दा (धातु)
• Form: षष्ठी-विभक्ति (Genitive/6th), एकवचन; धातोः (of the root ‘dā’)

• लृङ्: lṛṅ (conditional)
• लृङ्: Karta (Topic/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लृङ् (लकार-नाम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; लकार-संज्ञा

• क्रियातिपत्तौ: in counterfactual action (non-occurrence)
• क्रियातिपत्तौ: Adhikarana (Context/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: क्रिया + अतिपत्ति (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष-समास (क्रियायाः अतिपत्तिः), स्त्रीलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• लिङर्थे: in the sense of liṅ (optative meaning)
• लिङर्थे: Adhikarana (Context/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लिङ् + अर्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष-समास (लिङस्य अर्थः), पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• लेट्: leṭ (Vedic subjunctive)
• लेट्: Karta (Topic/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: लेट् (लकार-नाम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• प्रकीर्तितः: is proclaimed
• प्रकीर्तितः: Karma (Predicate/कर्म)
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र+कीर्त् (धातु) → प्रकीर्तित (कृदन्त, क्त-प्रत्यय)
• Form: भूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (PPP), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• कृतः: kṛt-affixes/participles
• कृतः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कृ (धातु) → कृत (कृदन्त, क्त-प्रत्यय)
• Form: भूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (PPP used as technical noun ‘kṛt’), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, बहुवचन (समूहवाचक)

• त्रिषु: in three (ways)
• त्रिषु: Adhikarana (Domain/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: त्रि (संख्याप्रातिपदिक)
• Form: सप्तमी, बहुवचन (Locative plural)

• अपि: also
• अपि: Sambandha (Addition/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, समुच्चय/अप्यर्थ (particle: ‘also/even’)

• वर्तन्ते: occur/are used
• वर्तन्ते: Kriya (Verb/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: वृत् (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथम-पुरुष, बहुवचन; आत्मनेपद

• भावे: in the sense of action/state (bhāva)
• भावे: Adhikarana (Usage/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भाव (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• कर्मणि: in the passive/object sense (karmaṇi)
• कर्मणि: Adhikarana (Usage/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

• कर्तरि: in the agent sense (kartari)
• कर्तरि: Adhikarana (Usage/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्तृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (in dialogue with Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Modality and voice/valency: conditional (counterfactual), injunctive/optative force, and participial derivatives functioning in bhāva/karma/kartṛ constructions.

Vedantic Theme: Analytic discrimination (viveka) applied to language: separating action, agent, and object—supporting clarity of thought.

Application: In translation and exegesis, identify whether a kṛt-form is agentive, objective, or abstract; recognize counterfactual conditionals in narrative reasoning.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Secondary Rasa: adbhuta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.21-24 (lakāra system leading to ḷṅ/leṭ and kṛt usage)

Characters & Entities

• Garuda
• Vishnu

FAQs

What is the importance of verbal moods like ḷṅ and leṭ in the Garuda Purana?

This verse frames how to read and construe statements correctly: ḷṅ signals counterfactual/“would have” meanings, and leṭ can carry liṅ-like optative force—preventing misinterpretation during study or ritual recitation.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul?

Indirectly: it does not describe afterlife geography here, but it gives interpretive tools (moods and kṛt-forms) needed to understand later doctrinal passages about karma, rites, and post-death states with grammatical precision.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When studying or chanting the Garuda Purana (especially for death rites and śrāddha contexts), use this rule to parse meanings accurately—distinguishing advice/possibility (liṅ/leṭ) from counterfactual statements (ḷṅ), and recognizing whether a kṛt-form points to the act, the object, or the doer.