Shloka 53
Adhyaya 32: Saṃjaya’s Return, Audience with Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and Ethical Admonition
(पृथिव्यां सागरान्तायां द्वाविमौ पुरुषाधमौ । गृहस्थश्न निरारम्भ: सारम्भश्नैव भिक्षुकः ।।
pṛthivyāṃ sāgarāntāyāṃ dvāv imau puruṣādhamau | gṛhasthaś ca nirārambhaḥ sārambhaś caiva bhikṣukaḥ || dvāv imau grasate bhūmiḥ sarpo bilaśayān iva | rājānaṃ cāviruddhāraṃ brāhmaṇaṃ cāpravāsinam ||
Vidura said: “On this earth bounded by the ocean, there are two kinds of base men: a householder who makes no effort and undertakes no proper work, and a renunciant-beggar who is busily engaged in worldly enterprises. Likewise, the earth ‘devours’ two others—just as a snake consumes creatures that dwell in holes: a king who does not oppose the enemy, and a brāhmaṇa who does not go abroad (to travel for study, teaching, or livelihood when duty requires).”
विदुर उवाच
Educational Q&A
Vidura condemns role-confusion and negligence of duty: a householder must be industrious and responsible, while a renunciant should avoid worldly enterprises. He also stresses functional duties—kings must protect by resisting enemies, and brāhmaṇas must pursue their obligations (including travel/sojourn when needed for learning, teaching, or sustenance).
In Udyoga Parva, Vidura delivers moral-political counsel (nīti) in the tense pre-war context. Here he uses sharp contrasts and a vivid simile (the snake devouring burrow-dwellers) to warn that society and the land itself ‘consume’ those who fail in their appointed responsibilities—especially negligent householders, worldly renunciants, non-defending kings, and brāhmaṇas who refuse necessary pravāsa.