
तुलाधार-उपदेशः (Tulādhāra’s Instruction to Jājali on Ahiṃsā and Abhaya-dāna)
Upa-parva: Mokṣa-dharma (Dialogues on Liberation and Subtle Dharma)
Bhīṣma recounts that, questioned by the wise merchant Tulādhāra, the austere brāhmaṇa Jājali asks how such settled wisdom was attained. Tulādhāra answers by defining the highest dharma as a livelihood grounded in non-harm: to live so that beings are not injured or made fearful. He describes his impartiality—neither praising nor cursing others, remaining equal toward all beings, and free from attachment to pleasant/unpleasant outcomes. He asserts that one who does not frighten beings attains a state of fearlessness, while one who causes fear through cruelty of speech or punitive harshness accrues great danger. Tulādhāra elevates ‘abhaya-dāna’ as the best of gifts and equates it with the fruits of sacrifices, austerity, and charity. He critiques unexamined social practices: the exploitation of animals, coercive labor, and especially harm embedded in certain livelihoods (including the violence implicit in agriculture and animal yoking), arguing that dharma is subtle and must be sought by reasoning about causes rather than by imitating common conduct. The chapter closes by praising a dharma grounded in rational justification (upapatti), practiced by disciplined persons, and marked by ethical skill rather than mere external observance.
Chapter Arc: धूमवर्चस्-सम तेजस्वी व्यास के वचन-स्मरण के साथ भीष्म युधिष्ठिर से कहते हैं—अब मैं पंचभूत, मन और बुद्धि के गुणों का क्रमबद्ध निदर्शन फिर से करूँगा। → भूमि और जल आदि भूतों के स्थूल-लक्षणों से आरम्भ कर, संवाद सूक्ष्मतर होता जाता है—मन के नव गुणों का निरूपण आता है, और युधिष्ठिर की जिज्ञासा बुद्धि के ‘पाँच’ गुणों तथा इन्द्रियों के गुणों पर टिक जाती है। → युधिष्ठिर का तीक्ष्ण प्रश्न—“कथं पञ्चगुणा बुद्धिः?”—पर भीष्म का निर्णायक उत्तर उभरता है: बुद्धि के गुण केवल पाँच नहीं, भूत-विशिष्ट रूप से ‘षष्टि’ (साठ) गुणों का विस्तार भी कहा गया है; यह भेद दृष्टि-भेद और विवेचन-स्तर का है। → भीष्म युधिष्ठिर को ‘भूतार्थ-तत्त्व’ के सम्यक् ज्ञान की ओर मोड़ते हैं—तत्त्व को जानकर समस्त भूत-प्रभावों को समझो और शान्त-बुद्धि बनो; गणना/वर्गीकरण का उद्देश्य वैराग्य और स्थैर्य है, विवाद नहीं।
Verse 1
ऑपन-मा_जल बछ। अकाल पजञ्चपञ्चाशदधिकद्धिशततमो< ध्याय: पज्चभूतोंके तथा मन और बुद्धिके गुणोंका विस्तृत वर्णन भीष्म उवाच भूतानां परिसंख्यानं भूय: पुत्र निशामय । द्वैषायनमुखाद् भ्रष्ट श्लाघया परयानघ,भीष्मजी कहते हैं--निष्पाप पुत्र युधिष्ठिर! द्वैपायन व्यासजीके मुखसे वर्णित जो पञ्चमहाभूतोंका निरूपण है, वह मैं पुनः तुम्हें बता रहा हूँ; तुम बड़ी स्पृहाके साथ इस विषयको सुनो इस प्रकार श्रीमहाभारत शान्तिपर्वके अन्तर्गत मौक्षधर्मपर्वमें शुकदेवका अनुप्रश्नविषयक दो सौ पचपनवाँ अध्याय पूरा हुआ ॥/ २५५ ॥। अपना बा | अप्-#-रू- षट्पज्चाशर्दाधेकद्विशततमो< ध्याय: युधिष्ठिरका मृत्युविषयक प्रश्न, नारदजीका राजा अकम्पनसे मृत्युकी उत्पत्तिका प्रसंग सुनाते हुए ब्रह्माजीकी रोषाग्निसे प्रजाके दग्ध होनेका वर्णन युधिछिर उवाच य इमे पृथिवीपाला: शेरते पृथिवीतले । पृतनामध्य एते हि गतसंज्ञा महाबला:
Bhīṣma said: “O son, listen once more to the enumeration of the elements. O sinless one, I shall again set forth—eagerly and with due appreciation—what has issued from the mouth of Dvaipāyana (Vyāsa), namely the account of the great elements (and their principles).”
Verse 2
दीप्तानलनिभ: प्राह भगवान् धूमवर्चसे । ततो5हमपि वक्ष्यामि भूय: पुत्र निदर्शनम्,वत्स! प्रज्वलित अग्निके समान तेजस्वी भगवान् वेदव्यासने धूमाच्छादित अग्निके सदृश विराजमान अपने पुत्र शुकदेवके समक्ष पहले जिस प्रकार इस विषयका प्रतिपादन किया था, उसे मैं पुनः तुमसे कहूँगा। बेटा! तुम सुनिश्चित दर्शन-शास्त्रको श्रवण करो
Bhīṣma said: “The Blessed one, radiant like a blazing fire yet appearing smoke-hued, spoke thus. Therefore, dear son, I too shall again explain to you this illustration and its purport. Listen attentively to this well-established teaching of discernment.”
Verse 3
भूमे: स्थैर्य गुरुत्वं च काठिन्यं प्रसवार्थता । गन्धो गुरुत्वं शक्तिश्व संघात: स्थापना धृति:,स्थिरता, भारीपन, कठिनता (कड़ापन), बीजको अंकुरित करनेकी शक्ति, गन्ध, विशालता, शक्ति, संघात, स्थापना और धारणशक्ति--ये दस पृथ्वीके गुण हैं
Bhīṣma said: “The earth is known by these qualities: steadiness, heaviness, hardness, the capacity to bring forth (to make seeds sprout and produce), fragrance, great massiveness, strength, cohesion, the power to support and establish things, and the power to bear and sustain. These are declared to be the ten attributes of Earth.”
Verse 4
अपां शैत्यं रस: क्लेदो द्रवत्वं स्नेहसौम्यता । जिह्नदा विस्यन्दनं चापि भौमानां श्रपर्णं तथा,शीतलता, रस, क्लेद (गलाना या गीला करना), द्रवत्व (पिघलना), स्नेह (चिकनाहट), सौम्यभाव, जिह्ला, टपकना, ओले या बर्फके रूपमें जम जाना तथा पृथ्वीसे उत्पन्न होनेवाले चावल-दाल आदिको गला देना--ये सब जलके गुण हैं
Bhīṣma explains the inherent properties of water: it is cool by nature; it carries taste and moisture; it melts and flows; it is unctuous and gentle; it can curve and move in winding courses; it drips and oozes; it can congeal into hail or ice; and it softens and cooks what is produced from the earth, such as rice and pulses. In this teaching on dharma and the elements, he points to how each substance is known by its characteristic functions, and how understanding nature supports right discernment and orderly living.
Verse 5
अननेर्दूर्धर्षता ज्योतिस्ताप: पाक: प्रकाशनम् | शोको रागो लघुस्तैक्ष्णयं सततं चोर्ध्वभासिता,दुर्धष होना, जलना, ताप देना, पकाना, प्रकाश करना, शोक, राग, हलकापन, तीक्ष्णता और आगकी लपटोंका सदा ऊपरकी ओर उठना एवं प्रकाशित होना--ये सब अग्निके गुण हैं
Bhīṣma said: Fire is known by these inherent traits: it is hard to withstand; it shines; it gives heat; it cooks and ripens; it illuminates. It also bears the marks of burning grief-like intensity and passionate redness, its lightness and sharpness, and its flame that continually rises upward and keeps radiating. Thus are the qualities of fire described—so one may recognize its nature and effects in the world.
Verse 6
वायोरनियमस्पर्शों वादस्थानं स्वतन्त्रता । बलं शैघ्र्यं च मोक्ष च कर्म चेष्टा55त्मता भव:,अनियत स्पर्श, वाक्-इन्द्रियकी स्थिति, चलने-फिरने आदिकी स्वतन्त्रता, बल, शीघ्रगामिता, मल-मूत्र आदिको शरीरसे बाहर निकालना, उत्क्षेपण आदि कर्म, क्रिया- शक्ति, प्राण और जन्म-मृत्यु--ये सब वायुके गुण हैं
Bhishma said: The qualities of Vāyu (the vital wind) are these—its touch is not fixed to one place; it serves as the seat and support of speech; it grants freedom of movement; it gives strength and swiftness; it enables the expulsion of wastes; it powers actions such as lifting and throwing; it is the very principle of activity and life-breath; and it is bound up with birth and death. Thus, understanding the functions of the vital wind, one sees how embodied life is sustained and how discipline of the inner forces becomes a basis for self-mastery and right conduct.
Verse 7
आकाश स्य गुण: शब्दो व्यापित्वं च्छिद्रतापि च | अनाश्रयमनालम्बमव्यक्तमविकारिता,शब्द, व्यापकता, छिद्र होना, किसी स्थूल पदार्थका आश्रय न होना, स्वयं किसी दूसरे आधारपर न रहना, अव्यक्तता, निर्विकारता, प्रतिघातशून्यता और भूतता अर्थात् श्रवणेन्द्रियका कारण होना और विकृतिसे युक्त होना--से सब आकाशके गुण हैं। इस प्रकार पठचमहाभूतोंके ये पचास गुण बताये गये हैं
Bhishma explains the defining properties of ākāśa (ether/space): its distinctive quality is sound, and it is all-pervading and porous (providing ‘room’). It is not dependent on any gross support, does not rest upon another base, is unmanifest to ordinary perception, and remains essentially unchanging. In this way, he continues the systematic enumeration of the qualities of the five great elements as part of the Shanti Parva’s ethical-philosophical instruction on understanding reality and cultivating discernment.
Verse 8
अप्रतीघातिता चैव भूतत्वं विकृतानि च । गुणा: पज्चाशतं प्रोक्ता: पज्चभूतात्मभाविता:,शब्द, व्यापकता, छिद्र होना, किसी स्थूल पदार्थका आश्रय न होना, स्वयं किसी दूसरे आधारपर न रहना, अव्यक्तता, निर्विकारता, प्रतिघातशून्यता और भूतता अर्थात् श्रवणेन्द्रियका कारण होना और विकृतिसे युक्त होना--से सब आकाशके गुण हैं। इस प्रकार पठचमहाभूतोंके ये पचास गुण बताये गये हैं
Bhishma said: “Non-obstructability, the status of being a ‘bhūta’ (an elemental principle), and the modifications (that arise from it) are also to be counted. Thus, fifty qualities are declared—qualities grounded in the nature of the five great elements.” In context, Bhishma is systematizing how the cosmos and embodied experience are analyzed through elemental properties, guiding the listener toward discernment (viveka) rather than attachment to sensory appearances.
Verse 9
धैर्योपपत्तिवर्यक्तिश्न विसर्ग: कल्पना क्षमा । सदसच्चाशुता चैव मनसो नव वै गुणा:,धैर्य, तर्क-वितर्कमें कुशलता, स्मरण, भ्रान्ति, कल्पना, क्षमा, शुभ एवं अशुभ संकल्प और चंचलता--ये मनके नौ गुण हैं
Bhishma said: Steadfastness, sound reasoning and discernment, clear expression, the power of letting go, imagination, forbearance, the mind’s forming of auspicious and inauspicious intentions, and fickleness—these, indeed, are the nine qualities of the mind. By knowing these movements and capacities, one learns how the mind supports both virtue and error, and how discipline can guide it toward dharma.
Verse 10
इष्टनिष्टविपत्ति शक्ष॒ व्यवसाय: समाधिता । संशय: प्रतिपत्तिश्न बुद्धे! पजचगुणान् विदु:,इष्ट और अनिष्ट वृत्तियोंका नाश, विचार, समाधान, संदेह और निश्चय--ये पाँच बुद्धिके गुण माने गये हैं
Bhishma said: The wise understand that the intellect (buddhi) is known by five qualities: the capacity to overcome the pull of what is pleasant and unpleasant, decisive resolve, collected steadiness (concentration), doubt (which tests and probes), and clear ascertainment (which arrives at a conclusion). In ethical life, these are the inner instruments by which one restrains reactive impulses, examines choices, and settles upon dharma with clarity.
Verse 11
युधिछिर उवाच कथं पज्चगुणा बुद्धि: कथं पज्चेन्द्रिया गुणा: । एतन्मे सर्वमाचक्ष्व सूक्ष्मज्ञानं पितामह,युधिष्ठिरने पूछा--पितामह! बुद्धिके पाँच ही गुण कैसे हैं? तथा पाँच इन्द्रियाँ भी भूतोंके गुण कैसे हो सकती हैं? यह सारा सूक्ष्म ज्ञान आप मुझे बताइये
Yudhishthira said: “How is the intellect said to have five qualities? And how are the five senses also called ‘qualities’ (of the elements)? Grandfather, explain all of this to me—this subtle knowledge—in full.”
Verse 12
भीष्म उवाच आहुः षष्टिं बुद्धिगुणान् वै भूतविशिष्टा नित्यविषक्ता: । भूतविभूती श्चाक्षरसृष्टा: पुत्र न नित्यं तदिह वदन्ति,भीष्मजीने कहा--वत्स युधिष्ठिर! महर्षियोंका कहना है कि बुद्धिके साठ गुण हैं; अर्थात् पाँचों भूतोंके पूर्वाक्त पचास गुण तथा बुद्धिके पाँच गुण मिलकर पचपन हुए। इनमें पञ्चभूतोंको भी बुद्धिके गुणरूपसे गिन लेनेपर वे साठ हो जाते हैं। ये सभी गुण नित्य चैतन्यसे मिले हुए हैं। पणचमहाभूत और उनकी विभूतियाँ अविनाशी परमात्माकी सृष्टि हैं; परंतु परिवर्तनशील होनेके कारण उसे तत्त्वज्ञ पुरुष नित्य नहीं बताते हैं
Bhishma said: “They declare that there are sixty qualities of the intellect—qualities distinguished in relation to the elements and ever conjoined with consciousness. The great elements and their manifestations are a creation of the Imperishable; yet, because they undergo change, the knowers of reality do not call them ‘eternal’ in this world, my son.”
Verse 13
तत् पुत्र चिन्ताकलिल तदुक्त- मनागतं वै तव सम्प्रतीह । भूतार्थतत्त्वं तदवाप्य सर्व भूतप्रभावाद् भव शान्तबुद्धि:,वत्स युधिष्ठिर! अन्य वक्ताओंने जगतकी उत्पत्तिके विषयमें पहले जो कुछ कहा है, वह सब वेदविरुद्ध और विचार-दूषित है; अत: इस समय तुम नित्यसिद्ध परमात्माका यथार्थ तत्त्व सुनकर उन्हीं परमेश्वरके प्रभाव एवं प्रसादसे शान्तबुद्धि हो जाओ
Bhishma said: “My son, set aside that future-oriented tangle of anxious thought and the speculative accounts that have been spoken. Now understand: having grasped the true principle of reality as it pertains to all beings, become calm in mind—through the sustaining power and grace that pervades all creatures, dear Yudhishthira.”
Verse 254
इस प्रकार श्रीमह्याभारत शान्तिपर्वके अन्तर्गत गोक्षधर्मपर्वमें शुकदेवका अनुप्रश्नविषयक दी सौ चौवनवाँ अध्याय पूरा हुआ
Thus ends the two-hundred-and-fifty-fourth chapter of the Śānti Parvan of the Śrī Mahābhārata, within the section known as the Gokṣa-dharma Parvan, dealing with Śukadeva’s follow-up questions. Here the narrative closes a didactic unit, marking the completion of a discourse framed around inquiry into dharma and its proper understanding.
Verse 255
इति श्रीमहाभारते शान्तिपर्वणि मोक्षधर्मपर्वणि शुकानुप्रश्ने पञ्चपञ्चाशदधिकद्वधिशततमो< ध्याय:
Thus, in the Śrī Mahābhārata, within the Śānti Parva—specifically the Mokṣa-dharma section—ends the two-hundred-and-fifty-fifth chapter, in the context of Śuka’s inquiry. This is a concluding colophon marking the close of the chapter rather than a spoken doctrinal verse.
That the supreme dharma is to live and act so that beings are not harmed or made fearful—ahiṃsā expressed as ‘abhaya’ in thought, speech, and conduct.
Tulādhāra models impartiality: he neither praises nor condemns others’ actions, aiming instead at inner steadiness and universal benevolence, treating praise and injury as equally non-binding.
Yes: it states dharma is subtle and not to be derived merely from popular custom; it should be sought through causal reasoning (kāraṇa) and justified consistency (upapatti), a stance that functions as the chapter’s methodological ‘phalashruti-like’ guidance.