Shloka 11
Adhyāya 159 — Dāna–Dakṣiṇā, Āpaddharma Measures, and Prāyaścitta Classifications
साहसानां च सर्वेषामकार्याणां क्रियास्तथा । पराये धनका अपहरण
bhīṣma uvāca | sāhasānāṃ ca sarveṣām akaryāṇāṃ kriyās tathā | parāye dhanaka-apaharaṇam, parāyī-strīṣu prati balātkāraḥ, vāg-vegaḥ, mano-vegaḥ, nindāyāḥ viśeṣa-pravṛttiḥ, jananendriya-vegaḥ, udara-vegaḥ, mṛtyoḥ bhayaṅkara-vegaḥ (ātmahatyā), īrṣyāyāḥ prabala-vegaḥ, mithyāyāḥ durjaya-vegaḥ, anivārya-rasanendriya-vegaḥ, duḥsaha-śrotrendriya-vegaḥ, ghṛṇā, sva-praśaṃsāyai baḍha-baḍhakar vākya-racanā, matsaratā, pāpam, duṣkara-karmeṣu pravṛttiḥ, na kartavyaṃ karma kartum—etad sarvaṃ lobha-hetukam || jātau bālye ca kaumāre yauvana cāpi mānavāḥ nityaṃ gambhīra-toyābhir āpagābhir ivodadhiḥ | kuruśreṣṭha! janma-kāle bālye kaumāre yauvana-sthāyāṃ ca yena hetunā manuṣyāḥ sva-duṣkarmāṇi tyaktum na śaknuvanti, yo vṛddhe ’pi na jīryati, sa eva lobhaḥ | yathā gambhīra-toyā bahvyo nadyaḥ samāgatā api sāgaraṃ na pūrayanti, tathā bahu-dravya-lābhe ’pi lobhasya udaraṃ kadācid na pūryate |
Bhishma said: All rash ventures and all actions that ought not to be done arise from greed. Because of greed one commits the seizure of another’s wealth, violates another’s wife, and is driven by the violent impulses of speech and mind; one becomes especially prone to slander; one is propelled by the urges of sex and of the belly; one is swept by the dreadful impulse toward death itself (self-destruction); one is carried away by powerful envy; one is conquered by the hard-to-overcome force of falsehood; one is compelled by the tongue’s craving and by the ear’s insatiable appetite; one falls into hatred, boasts extravagantly for one’s own praise, becomes spiteful and jealous, turns to sin, and rushes into difficult and forbidden deeds—indeed, greed is the cause of all these. O best of the Kurus, from birth through childhood, adolescence, and youth, it is greed by which people fail to abandon their evil acts; and even in old age it does not wear away. Just as the ocean is not filled even when many deep rivers pour into it, so too, however much gain one obtains, the belly of greed is never satisfied.
भीष्म उवाच
Educational Q&A
Greed (lobha) is presented as the root cause behind a wide spectrum of unethical and self-destructive behaviors—violence, theft, sexual violation, slander, lying, envy, spite, and compulsive indulgence. It is portrayed as inherently insatiable, never satisfied by increased gain.
In the Shanti Parva’s instruction section, Bhishma addresses Yudhiṣṭhira (called ‘best of the Kurus’) and explains the moral danger of greed. He lists the impulses and crimes it generates and reinforces the point with a simile: like the ocean that is not filled by many rivers, greed is not filled by many acquisitions.