Shloka 52
Rudra-Śiva: Names, Two Natures, and the Logic of Epithets (रुद्रनाम-बहुरूपत्व-प्रकरणम्)
राजाका परम धर्म है--इन्द्रियसंयम
rājñaḥ paramo dharmaḥ—indriya-saṃyamaḥ, svādhyāyaḥ, agnihotra-karma, dānam, adhyayanam, yajñopavīta-dhāraṇam, yajñānuṣṭhānam, dhārmika-kārya-sampādanam, poṣya-varga-bharaṇa-poṣaṇam, ārabdha-karmasya saphalī-karaṇam, aparādha-yathā-yogya-daṇḍa-dānam, vaidika-yajñādi-karmānuṣṭhānam, vyavahāre nyāya-rakṣaṇam, satya-bhāṣaṇe anurāgaḥ—ete sarve rājñaḥ dharmāḥ. ārta-hasta-prado rājā pretya ceha mahīyate. go-brāhmaṇārthe vikrāntaḥ saṅgrāme nidhanaṃ gataḥ, sa svargam aśvamedha-yajñair jitān lokān adhitiṣṭhati.
Mahādeva said: “For a king, the highest dharma consists in self-restraint of the senses, Vedic study, the Agnihotra rite, giving, learning, wearing the sacred thread, performing sacrifices, carrying out righteous works, maintaining those who depend on him, bringing begun undertakings to successful completion, assigning punishment proportionate to the offence, duly performing Vedic sacrifices and allied rites, safeguarding justice in civil dealings, and being devoted to truthful speech—these are all the king’s duties as dharma. A king who extends his hand as support to the afflicted is honored both here and after death. And the king who, showing valor to protect cows and Brahmins, meets death in battle, attains heaven and gains lordship over the worlds won by Aśvamedha sacrifices.”
श्रीमहेश्वर उवाच
Educational Q&A
The passage defines rājadharma: a king’s righteousness is not only ritual piety (svādhyāya, Agnihotra, yajña) but also ethical governance—supporting dependents, completing public works, administering proportionate punishment, protecting justice in civil affairs, and steadfast truthfulness. Compassion to the distressed and courageous protection of cows and Brahmins are praised as sources of honor here and merit after death.
Śrī Mahēśvara speaks as an authority on dharma, listing the king’s duties and then stating the spiritual outcomes: the helper of the afflicted is honored in both worlds, and the king who dies in battle while protecting cows and Brahmins attains heavenly status likened to the worlds gained through Aśvamedha sacrifices.