Adhyaya 11
Saptama SkandhaAdhyaya 1135 Verses

Adhyaya 11

Varṇāśrama-Dharma and the Thirty Qualities of a Human Being

After describing Prahlāda’s exalted character—praised even by Brahmā and Śiva—Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira, eager for practical guidance, asks Nārada Muni about the principles of dharma that lead to the supreme goal: devotional service (bhakti) to Kṛṣṇa. Nārada first offers obeisances to Kṛṣṇa, protector of dharma, and bases his teaching on revelation received from Nārāyaṇa (Nara-Nārāyaṇa at Badarikāśrama). He then presents universal sādhāraṇa-dharma: thirty human virtues culminating in the ninefold, complete bhakti—hearing, chanting, remembering, serving, worshiping, offering obeisances, servitorship, friendship, and full surrender. The chapter proceeds to applied varṇāśrama: who becomes dvija by saṁskāra, the duties of brāhmaṇa/kṣatriya/vaiśya/śūdra, emergency livelihoods and prohibitions, the defining symptoms (lakṣaṇa) of each varṇa, and conduct for chaste women. It concludes by stressing classification by guṇa and symptoms rather than birth alone, preparing for further teachings on righteous living as support for devotion.

Shlokas

Verse 1

श्रीशुक उवाच श्रुत्वेहितं साधु सभासभाजितं महत्तमाग्रण्य उरुक्रमात्मन: । युधिष्ठिरो दैत्यपतेर्मुदान्वित: पप्रच्छ भूयस्तनयं स्वयम्भुव: ॥ १ ॥

Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: Having heard of the saintly deeds and character of Prahlāda Mahārāja—honored and discussed even in the assemblies of great beings like Brahmā and Śiva—Yudhiṣṭhira Mahārāja, the most respectful among exalted kings, joyfully inquired again from the great sage Nārada Muni, son of Svayambhuva.

Verse 2

श्रीयुधिष्ठिर उवाच भगवन् श्रोतुमिच्छामि नृणां धर्मं सनातनम् । वर्णाश्रमाचारयुतं यत्पुमान्विन्दते परम् ॥ २ ॥

Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira said: O venerable lord, I wish to hear the eternal dharma for human beings, together with the practices of varṇāśrama; by following it one attains the supreme goal—bhakti, loving devotional service to the Lord.

Verse 3

भवान्प्रजापते: साक्षादात्मज: परमेष्ठिन: । सुतानां सम्मतो ब्रह्मंस्तपोयोगसमाधिभि: ॥ ३ ॥

O best of the brāhmaṇas, you are the direct son of Prajāpati, the Parameṣṭhi Brahmā. By your austerity, mystic yoga, and samādhi, you are esteemed the foremost among Brahmā’s sons.

Verse 4

नारायणपरा विप्रा धर्मं गुह्यं परं विदु: । करुणा: साधव: शान्तास्त्वद्विधा न तथापरे ॥ ४ ॥

Vipras devoted to Nārāyaṇa know the supreme, confidential dharma. None surpasses you in mercy and peacefulness; therefore no one understands these secret principles of religious life better than you.

Verse 5

श्रीनारद उवाच नत्वा भगवतेऽजाय लोकानां धर्मसेतवे । वक्ष्ये सनातनं धर्मं नारायणमुखाच्छ्रुतम् ॥ ५ ॥

Śrī Nārada Muni said: Having first offered my obeisances to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the unborn protector of the bridge of dharma for all beings, I shall speak the eternal dharma I heard from the mouth of Nārāyaṇa.

Verse 6

योऽवतीर्यात्मनोंऽशेन दाक्षायण्यां तु धर्मत: । लोकानां स्वस्तयेऽध्यास्ते तपो बदरिकाश्रमे ॥ ६ ॥

Lord Nārāyaṇa, together with His partial manifestation Nara, descended into this world through Mūrti, the daughter of Dakṣa, begotten by Dharma for the welfare of all beings. Even now He remains at Badarikāśrama, engaged in great austerities.

Verse 7

धर्ममूलं हि भगवान्सर्ववेदमयो हरि: । स्मृतं च तद्विदां राजन्येन चात्मा प्रसीदति ॥ ७ ॥

O King, Bhagavān Hari, the very essence of all Vedic wisdom, is the root of all dharma, as remembered by the great authorities in Smṛti. By accepting this principle of religion as evidence, the mind, the soul, and even the body become fully satisfied.

Verse 8

सत्यं दया तप: शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दम: । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्याग: स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥ सन्तोष: समद‍ृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरम: शनै: । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥ अन्नाद्यादे: संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हत: । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धि: सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १० ॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गते: । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११ ॥ नृणामयं परो धर्म: सर्वेषां समुदाहृत: । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन्सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥

Truthfulness, mercy, austerity, bathing twice a day, tolerance, discrimination, control of the mind and senses, nonviolence, celibacy, charity, reading of scripture, and simplicity.

Verse 9

सत्यं दया तप: शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दम: । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्याग: स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥ सन्तोष: समद‍ृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरम: शनै: । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥ अन्नाद्यादे: संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हत: । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धि: सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १० ॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गते: । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११ ॥ नृणामयं परो धर्म: सर्वेषां समुदाहृत: । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन्सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥

Satisfaction, rendering service to saintly persons, gradually taking leave of unnecessary engagements, observing the futility of human society, remaining silent, and self-reflection.

Verse 10

सत्यं दया तप: शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दम: । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्याग: स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥ सन्तोष: समद‍ृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरम: शनै: । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥ अन्नाद्यादे: संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हत: । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धि: सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १० ॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गते: । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११ ॥ नृणामयं परो धर्म: सर्वेषां समुदाहृत: । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन्सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥

Distributing food equally to all living entities, and seeing every soul (especially in the human form) as a part of the Supreme Lord.

Verse 11

सत्यं दया तप: शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दम: । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्याग: स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥ सन्तोष: समद‍ृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरम: शनै: । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥ अन्नाद्यादे: संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हत: । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धि: सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १० ॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गते: । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११ ॥ नृणामयं परो धर्म: सर्वेषां समुदाहृत: । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन्सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥

Hearing about, chanting, and remembering the Supreme Lord, serving, worshiping, offering obeisances, becoming a servant, becoming a friend, and surrendering one's whole self.

Verse 12

सत्यं दया तप: शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दम: । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्याग: स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥ सन्तोष: समद‍ृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरम: शनै: । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥ अन्नाद्यादे: संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हत: । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धि: सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १० ॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गते: । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११ ॥ नृणामयं परो धर्म: सर्वेषां समुदाहृत: । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन्सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥

O King Yudhisthira, these thirty qualifications must be acquired in the human form of life. Simply by acquiring these qualifications, one can satisfy the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

Verse 13

संस्कारा यत्राविच्छिन्ना: स द्विजोऽजो जगाद यम् । इज्याध्ययनदानानि विहितानि द्विजन्मनाम् । जन्मकर्मावदातानां क्रियाश्चाश्रमचोदिता: ॥ १३ ॥

Those whose garbhādhāna and other prescribed saṁskāras are performed with Vedic mantras without interruption, and are approved by Brahmā, are called dvijas, the twice-born. Such brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, and vaiśyas—purified by lineage and conduct—should worship the Lord, study the Vedas, give charity, and follow the duties of the four āśramas॥13॥

Verse 14

विप्रस्याध्ययनादीनि षडन्यस्याप्रतिग्रह: । राज्ञो वृत्ति: प्रजागोप्तुरविप्राद्वा करादिभि: ॥ १४ ॥

A brāhmaṇa has six duties: studying, teaching, performing sacrifice, officiating sacrifice for others, giving charity, and accepting charity. A kṣatriya should not accept charity, though he may perform the other five. The king, protector of the people, must not tax brāhmaṇas; he may live by modest taxes, customs duties, and fines upon the other subjects॥14॥

Verse 15

वैश्यस्तु वार्तावृत्ति: स्यान्नित्यं ब्रह्मकुलानुग: । शूद्रस्य द्विजशुश्रूषा वृत्तिश्च स्वामिनो भवेत् ॥ १५ ॥

The vaiśya should live by vārttā—agriculture, cow protection, and trade—always following the guidance of the brāhmaṇas. For the śūdra, the sole duty is to accept a master from a higher order and render service to him॥15॥

Verse 16

वार्ता विचित्रा शालीनयायावरशिलोञ्छनम् । विप्रवृत्तिश्चतुर्धेयं श्रेयसी चोत्तरोत्तरा ॥ १६ ॥

Vārttā has various forms—śālīna, yāyāvara, and śiloñchana—thus describing four kinds of livelihood available to a brāhmaṇa. Among these four, each successive means is better than the one before it॥16॥

Verse 17

जघन्यो नोत्तमां वृत्तिमनापदि भजेन्नर: । ऋते राजन्यमापत्सु सर्वेषामपि सर्वश: ॥ १७ ॥

Except in an emergency, those of lower standing should not take up the occupations of the higher. But in times of distress, everyone—except the kṣatriya—may adopt the means of livelihood of others॥17॥

Verse 18

ऋतामृताभ्यां जीवेत मृतेन प्रमृतेन वा । सत्यानृताभ्यामपि वा न श्ववृत्त्या कदाचन ॥ १८ ॥ ऋतमुञ्छशिलं प्रोक्तममृतं यदयाचितम् । मृतं तु नित्ययाच्ञा स्यात्प्रमृतं कर्षणं स्मृतम् ॥ १९ ॥ सत्यानृतं च वाणिज्यं श्ववृत्तिर्नीचसेवनम् । वर्जयेत्तां सदा विप्रो राजन्यश्च जुगुप्सिताम् । सर्ववेदमयो विप्र: सर्वदेवमयो नृप: ॥ २० ॥

In times of distress one may maintain oneself by the livelihoods called ṛta, amṛta, mṛta, pramṛta, or satyānṛta, but never should one accept śva-vṛtti—the degrading service fit for dogs.

Verse 19

ऋतामृताभ्यां जीवेत मृतेन प्रमृतेन वा । सत्यानृताभ्यामपि वा न श्ववृत्त्या कदाचन ॥ १८ ॥ ऋतमुञ्छशिलं प्रोक्तममृतं यदयाचितम् । मृतं तु नित्ययाच्ञा स्यात्प्रमृतं कर्षणं स्मृतम् ॥ १९ ॥ सत्यानृतं च वाणिज्यं श्ववृत्तिर्नीचसेवनम् । वर्जयेत्तां सदा विप्रो राजन्यश्च जुगुप्सिताम् । सर्ववेदमयो विप्र: सर्वदेवमयो नृप: ॥ २० ॥

Gathering leftover grains from the field (uñchaśila) is called ṛta; receiving without begging is amṛta; regularly begging for grains is mṛta; and tilling the land is known as pramṛta.

Verse 20

ऋतामृताभ्यां जीवेत मृतेन प्रमृतेन वा । सत्यानृताभ्यामपि वा न श्ववृत्त्या कदाचन ॥ १८ ॥ ऋतमुञ्छशिलं प्रोक्तममृतं यदयाचितम् । मृतं तु नित्ययाच्ञा स्यात्प्रमृतं कर्षणं स्मृतम् ॥ १९ ॥ सत्यानृतं च वाणिज्यं श्ववृत्तिर्नीचसेवनम् । वर्जयेत्तां सदा विप्रो राजन्यश्च जुगुप्सिताम् । सर्ववेदमयो विप्र: सर्वदेवमयो नृप: ॥ २० ॥

Trade is called satyānṛta, and serving low persons is śva-vṛtti. Brāhmaṇas and kṣatriyas should always avoid that abominable work; the brāhmaṇa should be learned in all the Vedas, and the king skilled in the worship of the devas.

Verse 21

शमो दमस्तप: शौचं सन्तोष: क्षान्तिरार्जवम् । ज्ञानं दयाच्युतात्मत्वं सत्यं च ब्रह्मलक्षणम् ॥ २१ ॥

The marks of a brāhmaṇa are control of mind and senses, austerity, purity, contentment, forgiveness, simplicity, knowledge, mercy, truthfulness, and complete surrender to Acyuta, the Supreme Lord.

Verse 22

शौर्यं वीर्यं धृतिस्तेजस्त्यागश्चात्मजय: क्षमा । ब्रह्मण्यता प्रसादश्च सत्यं च क्षत्रलक्षणम् ॥ २२ ॥

The symptoms of a kṣatriya are valor, strength, steadfastness, splendor, charity, self-control, forgiveness, devotion to brahminical virtue, cheerfulness, and truthfulness.

Verse 23

देवगुर्वच्युते भक्तिस्त्रिवर्गपरिपोषणम् । आस्तिक्यमुद्यमो नित्यं नैपुण्यं वैश्यलक्षणम् ॥ २३ ॥

Devotion to the devas, the spiritual master, and Acyuta Viṣṇu; constant endeavor for dharma, artha, and kāma; faith in the words of guru and śāstra; and skillful effort in earning wealth—these are the marks of the vaiśya.

Verse 24

शूद्रस्य सन्नति: शौचं सेवा स्वामिन्यमायया । अमन्त्रयज्ञो ह्यस्तेयं सत्यं गोविप्ररक्षणम् ॥ २४ ॥

Offering obeisances to the higher orders, remaining always clean, serving one’s master without duplicity, performing sacrifice without mantra, not stealing, speaking truth, and protecting cows and brāhmaṇas—these are the symptoms of the śūdra.

Verse 25

 स्त्रीणां च पतिदेवानां तच्छुश्रूषानुकूलता । तद्बन्धुष्वनुवृत्तिश्च नित्यं तद्‌व्रतधारणम् ॥ २५ ॥

To serve the husband as one’s lord (patideva), to remain always favorable to him, to be equally well disposed toward his relatives and friends, and to follow his vows—these are the four principles of a chaste woman.

Verse 26

सम्मार्जनोपलेपाभ्यां गृहमण्डनवर्तनै: । स्वयं च मण्डिता नित्यं परिमृष्टपरिच्छदा ॥ २६ ॥ कामैरुच्चावचै: साध्वी प्रश्रयेण दमेन च । वाक्यै: सत्यै: प्रियै: प्रेम्णा काले काले भजेत्पतिम् ॥ २७ ॥

A chaste wife should sweep, cleanse, and maintain the home so it remains ever pure and well adorned; she herself should be neatly dressed each day in clean, attractive garments. Ready to fulfill her husband’s various wishes with humility and self-control, she should speak truthful, sweet, pleasing words and lovingly serve him according to time and circumstance.

Verse 27

सम्मार्जनोपलेपाभ्यां गृहमण्डनवर्तनै: । स्वयं च मण्डिता नित्यं परिमृष्टपरिच्छदा ॥ २६ ॥ कामैरुच्चावचै: साध्वी प्रश्रयेण दमेन च । वाक्यै: सत्यै: प्रियै: प्रेम्णा काले काले भजेत्पतिम् ॥ २७ ॥

A chaste wife should sweep, cleanse, and maintain the home so it remains ever pure and well adorned; she herself should be neatly dressed each day in clean, attractive garments. Ready to fulfill her husband’s various wishes with humility and self-control, she should speak truthful, sweet, pleasing words and lovingly serve him according to time and circumstance.

Verse 28

सन्तुष्टालोलुपा दक्षा धर्मज्ञा प्रियसत्यवाक् । अप्रमत्ता शुचि: स्‍निग्धा पतिं त्वपतितं भजेत् ॥ २८ ॥

A chaste wife should be free from greed and remain content in all circumstances. Skilled in household duties and knowing dharma, she should speak pleasingly and truthfully, be vigilant and always pure, and with affection serve a husband who is not fallen.

Verse 29

या पतिं हरिभावेन भजेत् श्रीरिव तत्परा । हर्यात्मना हरेर्लोके पत्या श्रीरिव मोदते ॥ २९ ॥

A woman who serves her husband in Hari-bhāva, devoted like Śrī Lakṣmī, surely goes with her devotee husband to Hari’s realm, Vaikuṇṭha, and there rejoices like Śrī herself.

Verse 30

वृत्ति: सङ्करजातीनां तत्तत्कुलकृता भवेत् । अचौराणामपापानामन्त्यजान्तेवसायिनाम् ॥ ३० ॥

Among the mixed classes called saṅkara, those who are not thieves and are free from sinful conduct are known as antevasāyī, or caṇḍālas; they too have hereditary occupations and customs according to their families.

Verse 31

प्राय: स्वभावविहितो नृणां धर्मो युगे युगे । वेदद‍ृग्भि: स्मृतो राजन्प्रेत्य चेह च शर्मकृत् ॥ ३१ ॥

My dear King, brāhmaṇas who see through Vedic wisdom have declared that in every yuga, people’s dharma is generally the conduct arising from their own nature, and it brings auspiciousness both in this life and after death.

Verse 32

वृत्त्या स्वभावकृतया वर्तमान: स्वकर्मकृत् । हित्वा स्वभावजं कर्म शनैर्निर्गुणतामियात् ॥ ३२ ॥

If one performs his prescribed work according to the vocation arising from his nature, and then gradually gives up those nature-born activities, he attains step by step the nirguṇa condition—the niṣkāma stage.

Verse 33

उप्यमानं मुहु: क्षेत्रं स्वयं निर्वीर्यतामियात् । न कल्पते पुन: सूत्यै उप्तं बीजं च नश्यति ॥ ३३ ॥ एवं कामाशयं चित्तं कामानामतिसेवया । विरज्येत यथा राजन्नग्निवत् कामबिन्दुभि: ॥ ३४ ॥

My dear King, a field tilled again and again becomes exhausted; it can no longer yield, and the seed sown there is lost.

Verse 34

उप्यमानं मुहु: क्षेत्रं स्वयं निर्वीर्यतामियात् । न कल्पते पुन: सूत्यै उप्तं बीजं च नश्यति ॥ ३३ ॥ एवं कामाशयं चित्तं कामानामतिसेवया । विरज्येत यथा राजन्नग्निवत् कामबिन्दुभि: ॥ ३४ ॥

Similarly, my dear King, the mind that dwells in lust becomes detached by excessive indulgence—just as fire is not quenched by drops of ghee, yet may be quenched by a flood of ghee.

Verse 35

यस्य यल्लक्षणं प्रोक्तं पुंसो वर्णाभिव्यञ्जकम् । यदन्यत्रापि द‍ृश्येत तत्तेनैव विनिर्दिशेत् ॥ ३५ ॥

If a person displays the symptoms described as indicating a particular varṇa, then even if born in another class, he should be accepted according to those symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

They function as sādhāraṇa-dharma—universal virtues for all humans—culminating in direct bhakti practices (hearing, chanting, remembering, service, worship, obeisances, servitorship, friendship, surrender). The text presents them as sufficient to satisfy the Supreme Lord, indicating that ethical cultivation is meant to mature into loving devotion.

By lakṣaṇa (observable symptoms) rooted in guṇa and karma: brāhmaṇas are marked by self-control, cleanliness, truthfulness, mercy, knowledge, and surrender; kṣatriyas by valor, leadership, charity, patience, and discipline; vaiśyas by devotion to guru and Viṣṇu, competence in earning, and pursuit of dharma-artha-kāma under guidance; śūdras by service, cleanliness, truthfulness, and respect toward higher orders. The chapter explicitly concludes that one should be accepted according to symptoms even if born elsewhere.