Adhyaya 7

Sutra 5

तेन तुल्यः पुत्रिकापुत्रः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०५ ॥

The son born to an appointed daughter (putrikā) is equal to him (i.e., to the son treated as the principal heir in that arrangement).

Sutra 6

सगोत्रेणान्यगोत्रेण वा नियुक्तेन क्षेत्रजातः क्षेत्रजः पुत्रः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०६ ॥

A son conceived through a man appointed for that purpose—whether of the same lineage (sagotra) or another lineage (anyagotra)—is a ‘kṣetraja’ son.

Sutra 7

जनयितुरसत्यन्यस्मिन्पुत्रे स एव द्विपितृको द्विगोत्रो वा द्वयोरपि स्वधारिक्थभाग्भवति ॥ कZ_०३.७.०७ ॥

If the begetter has no other son, that very son becomes ‘having two fathers’ or ‘of two lineages’, and he is entitled to the inherited share in both (lines).

Sutra 8

तत्सधर्मा बन्धूनां गृहे गूढजातस्तु गूढजः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०८ ॥

One having the same legal status as that (category), but born secretly in the house of relatives, is called a ‘gūḍhaja’ (secret-born) son.

Sutra 9

बन्धुनोत्सृष्टोऽपविद्धः संस्कर्तुः पुत्रः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०९ ॥

A child abandoned by relatives—an ‘apaviddha’—is deemed the son of the one who takes him in and performs the rites/raising (saṃskartṛ).

Sutra 10

कन्यागर्भः कानीनः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१० ॥

A child conceived in an unmarried girl is a ‘kānīna’ son.

Sutra 11

सगर्भोढायाः सहोढः ॥ कZ_०३.७.११ ॥

A child carried in the womb by a woman at the time she is taken in marriage is a “sahoḍha” son.

Sutra 12

पुनर्भूतायाः पौनर्भवः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१२ ॥

A son of a woman who has returned to union (i.e., remarried/returned to cohabitation) is a “paunarbhava” son.

Sutra 13

स्वयं जातः पितुर्बन्धूनां च दायादः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१३ ॥

A self-born/natural son is the heir of both his father and the father’s kinsmen.

Sutra 14

परजातः संस्कर्तुरेव न बन्धूनाम् ॥ कZ_०३.७.१४ ॥

A son born to another (parajāta) is heir only of the one who accepts/raises him (saṃskartṛ), not of the (acceptor’s) kinsmen.

Sutra 15

तत्सधर्मा मातापितृभ्यामद्भिर्मुक्तो दत्तः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१५ ॥

A ‘given son’ (datta) is one who, released by his mother and father through the water-rite, is given (in adoption); he assumes the same legal-religious status as that (adoptive) family.

Sutra 16

स्वयं बन्धुभिर्वा पुत्रभावोपगत उपगतः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१६ ॥

One who has entered the status of son—either by himself or through (his) kinsmen—is an “accepted/affiliated son” (upagata).

Sutra 17

पुत्रत्वेऽधिकृतः कृतकः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१७ ॥

A “made/appointed son” (kṛtaka) is one who is authorized/appointed into sonship.

Sutra 18

परिक्रीतः क्रीतः । इति ॥ कZ_०३.७.१८ ॥

A “purchased son” is termed parikrīta/krīta (i.e., obtained by purchase).

Sutra 19

औरसे तूत्पन्ने सवर्णास्तृतीयांशहराः असवर्णा ग्रासाच्छादनभागिनः ॥ कZ_०३.७.१९ ॥

When a legitimate (aurasa) son is born, sons of the same varṇa take a one-third share; sons of a different varṇa receive only maintenance—food and clothing.

Sutra 20

ब्राह्मणक्षत्रिययोरनन्तरापुत्राः सवर्णाः एकान्तरा असवर्णाः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२० ॥

For Brāhmaṇas and Kṣatriyas: sons born of the “immediately next” (anantarā) union are treated as same-varṇa; those born of a “one-step removed” (ekāntarā) union are treated as different-varṇa.

Sutra 21

ब्राह्मणस्य वैश्यायामम्बष्ठः शूद्रायां निषादः पारशवो वा ॥ कZ_०३.७.२१ ॥

For a Brāhmaṇa: by a Vaiśyā (wife/partner) the son is called Ambaṣṭha; by a Śūdrā, Niṣāda or Pāraśava.

Sutra 22

क्षत्रियस्य शूद्रायामुग्रः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२२ ॥

For a Kṣatriya: by a Śūdrā, the son is called Ugra.

Sutra 23

शूद्र एव वैश्यस्य ॥ कZ_०३.७.२३ ॥

For a Vaiśya: (by a Śūdrā) the son is a Śūdra (i.e., counted as Śūdra).

Sutra 24

सवर्णासु चैषामचरितव्रतेभ्यो जाता व्रात्याः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२४ ॥

Even when born from same-varṇa unions, those born to persons who do not observe the prescribed vows/discipline are ‘vrātyas’ (irregular/outside the normative order).

Sutra 25

इत्यनुलोमाः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२५ ॥

Thus are (the cases) anuloma.

Sutra 26

शूद्रादायोगवक्षत्तचण्डालाः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२६ ॥

From a Śūdra (in such mixed unions) arise the groups termed Āyogava, Kṣattā, and Caṇḍāla.

Sutra 27

वैश्यान्मागधवैदेहकौ ॥ कZ_०३.७.२७ ॥

From a Vaiśya arise the groups termed Māgadha and Vaidehaka.

Sutra 28

क्षत्रियात्सूतः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२८ ॥

From a Kṣatriya arises the group termed Sūta.

Sutra 29

पौराणिकस्त्वन्यः सूतो मागधश्च ब्रह्मक्षत्राद्विशेषः ॥ कZ_०३.७.२९ ॥

But the ‘Paurāṇika’ is a different designation; and the Sūta and the Māgadha are distinct when arising from a Brāhmaṇa–Kṣatriya combination (i.e., their classification differs by the specific parental pairing).

Sutra 30

त एते प्रतिलोमाः स्वधर्मातिक्रमाद् राज्ञः सम्भवन्ति ॥ कZ_०३.७.३० ॥

These, then, are pratiloma (against-the-order categories); they arise when the king transgresses his own duty (i.e., when governance fails to uphold the prescribed social-legal order).

Sutra 31

उग्रान्नैषाद्यां कुक्कुटः विपर्यये पुल्कसः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३१ ॥

From an Ugra with a Naiṣādī woman arises the group called Kukkuṭa; in the reverse pairing arises the group called Pulkasa.

Sutra 32

वैदेहिकायामम्बष्ठाद्वैणः विपर्यये कुशीलवः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३२ ॥

With a Vaidehikā woman, from an Ambaṣṭha arises the group called Vaiṇa; in the reverse pairing arises the group called Kuśīlava.

Sutra 33

क्षत्तायामुग्राच्छ्वपाकः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३३ ॥

With a Kṣattā woman, from an Ugra arises the group called Śvapāka.

Sutra 34

इत्येतेऽन्ये चान्तरालाः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३४ ॥

Thus these, and others besides, are intermediary (antarāla) groups.

Sutra 35

कर्मणा वैश्यो रथकारः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३५ ॥

By occupation, the rathakāra (chariot-maker/carpenter) is to be treated as a Vaiśya.

Sutra 36

तेषां स्वयोनौ विवाहः पूर्वापरगामित्वं वृत्तानुवृत्तं च ॥ कZ_०३.७.३६ ॥

Among them, marriage shall be within their own group; their lineal order (succession) shall follow established prior practice; and customary conduct shall be maintained.

Sutra 37

शूद्रसधर्माणो वा अन्यत्र चण्डालेभ्यः ॥ कZ_०३.७.३७ ॥

Or they are to follow rules equivalent to those of Śūdras—except in the case of Caṇḍālas.

Sutra 38

परपरिग्रहे बीजमुत्सृष्टं क्षेत्रिणः इत्याचार्याः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०१ ॥

Sutra 39

माता भस्त्रा यस्य रेतस्तस्यापत्यमित्यपरे ॥ कZ_०३.७.०२ ॥

Sutra 40

विद्यमानमुभयमिति कौटिल्यः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०३ ॥

Sutra 41

स्वयं जातः कृतक्रियायामौरसः ॥ कZ_०३.७.०४ ॥