रहस्यव्यवहारेष्वेका स्त्री पुरुष उपश्रोता उपद्रष्टा वा साक्षी स्याद् राजतापसवर्जम् ॥ कZ_०३.११.३१ ॥
rahasyavyavahāreṣv ekā strī puruṣa upaśrotā upadraṣṭā vā sākṣī syād rājatāpasavarjam
In confidential transactions, a single witness—whether a woman or a man—who either overheard or observed may serve as witness, except that the king and ascetics are to be excluded.
Because secrecy reduces the likelihood of multiple witnesses; the rule prevents impunity by adapting evidentiary thresholds to practical realities.
The king’s involvement risks coercion and politicization; ascetics are treated as institutionally separate from ordinary legal entanglements.